{"id":559,"date":"2023-06-19T11:50:51","date_gmt":"2023-06-19T11:50:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/2023\/06\/19\/adferdir-i-logfraedi\/"},"modified":"2023-06-19T11:50:51","modified_gmt":"2023-06-19T11:50:51","slug":"adferdir-i-logfraedi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/2023\/06\/19\/adferdir-i-logfraedi\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eins og \u00e9g hef \u00e1\u00f0ur lagt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 ver\u00f0ur d\u00f3mari sem leitar a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed m\u00e1li sem hann d\u00e6mir, a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 fleiri en ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a komi til greina m\u00e1 hann ekki telja s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um a\u00f0 hann megi velja \u00fe\u00e1 sem honum hugnast best. Beiting r\u00e9ttarheimilda r\u00e6\u00f0ur en ekki pers\u00f3nuleg afsta\u00f0a d\u00f3marans.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f3mst\u00f3lar mega ekki byggja d\u00f3ma s\u00edna \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru en beitingu r\u00e9ttarheimilda sem \u00ed gildi voru \u00feegar atvik m\u00e1ls \u00e1ttu s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. Margir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar telja a\u00f0 honum s\u00e9 heimilt a\u00f0 byggja d\u00f3ma s\u00edna \u00e1 l\u00f6gum sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar voru sett en voru ekki komin \u00ed gildi \u00feegar atvik m\u00e1ls ur\u00f0u. \u00deetta er honum \u00f3heimilt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0urkenndir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum s\u00e9 heimilt a\u00f0 setja n\u00fd l\u00f6g; jafnvel a\u00f0 \u00feeir takist \u00e1 vi\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafann um lagasetninguna. \u00deetta er fjarst\u00e6\u00f0a. D\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa enga sl\u00edka heimild enda er sk\u00fdrt \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni a\u00f0 \u00feeir skuli starfa eftir l\u00f6gum. \u00de\u00e1 er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 l\u00f6g sem \u00ed gildi voru \u00feegar atvik m\u00e1ls ur\u00f0u. \u00deeir hafa heldur ekkert umbo\u00f0 fr\u00e1 almenningi til lagasetningar, eins og al\u00feingismenn hafa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00deessi sannindi um l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar \u00farlausnir \u00e6ttu sem flestir a\u00f0 \u00feekkja, til \u00feess a\u00f0 geta for\u00f0ast misnotkun af h\u00e1lfu \u00feeirra sem fara me\u00f0 d\u00f3msvaldi\u00f0 \u00ed landinu. Hafa skal nokkur or\u00f0 um \u00feetta.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 \u00farlausn deilum\u00e1la fyrir d\u00f3mi er beitt \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar k\u00f6llum r\u00e9ttarheimildir. \u00deeim og einungis \u00feeim m\u00e1 beita \u00feegar leyst er \u00far m\u00e1lum. \u00de\u00fd\u00f0ingarmiki\u00f0 er a\u00f0 menn \u00e1tti sig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu felst mikil takm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed valdi sem d\u00f3marar fara me\u00f0. \u00deeir hafa ekki nokkra heimild til a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta pers\u00f3nulega e\u00f0a p\u00f3lit\u00edska afst\u00f6\u00f0u hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna um sakarefni d\u00f3msm\u00e1lanna. \u00dear \u00e1 efni vi\u00f0eigandi r\u00e9ttarheimildar a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a, en stundum \u00feurfa d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar a\u00f0 leysa \u00far \u00e1greiningi um hvert \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En hverjar eru \u00fe\u00e1 r\u00e9ttarheimildirnar sem vi\u00f0 nefnum svo? \u00dear standa efst \u00e1 bla\u00f0i hin settu l\u00f6g; \u00e6\u00f0st er stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in en s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00feau lagafyrirm\u00e6li sem l\u00f6ggjafinn, Al\u00feingi, hefur sett og birt hafa veri\u00f0 almenningi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gm\u00e6ltum h\u00e6tti. Almenn l\u00f6g ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 sam\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ast stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 og eiga d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar \u00farskur\u00f0arvald um hvort svo s\u00e9 ef \u00e1 \u00feetta reynir \u00ed m\u00e1lum sem r\u00e9ttilega eru fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00f6g\u00f0. \u00c1 grundvelli heimilda \u00ed settum l\u00f6gum setja svo handhafar framkv\u00e6mdavalds stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslufyrirm\u00e6li, sem nefnd eru regluger\u00f0ir, tilskipanir o.fl. Falla sl\u00edk stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslufyrirm\u00e6li undir \u00fea\u00f0 sem l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar kalla \u201esett l\u00f6g \u00ed r\u00fdmri merkingu.\u201c Allar \u00feessar settu reglur ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 birta almenningi \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00fe\u00e6r taka gildi. Er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um skylduna til \u00feess \u00ed 27. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f3mst\u00f3lar ver\u00f0a au\u00f0vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 leggja d\u00f3m \u00e1 m\u00e1lin \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 til a\u00f0 dreifa settri lagareglu um \u00feann \u00e1greining sem fyrir d\u00f3m er lag\u00f0ur. \u00de\u00e1 koma til \u201er\u00e9ttl\u00e6gri\u201c heimildir. Fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn getur greint \u00e1 um hvernig eigi a\u00f0 skilgreina a\u00f0 minnsta kosti sumar \u00feeirra. Yfirleitt eru h\u00e9r a\u00f0 minnsta kosti nefndar sem r\u00e9ttarheimildir, r\u00e9ttavenja, ford\u00e6mi og meginreglur laga og jafnvel e\u00f0li m\u00e1ls, sem svo er nefnt. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ekki er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e6tlun m\u00edn h\u00e9r a\u00f0 fara ofan \u00ed saumana \u00e1 skilgreiningum \u00e1 \u00feessum heimildum r\u00e9ttarins en \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed efni geta menn haft mismunandi sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0. \u00c9g legg hins vegar \u00e1herslu \u00e1 meginatri\u00f0i sem \u00e9g tel a\u00f0 \u00e1vallt ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 leggja til grundvallar vi\u00f0 \u00farlausn \u00e1 r\u00e9ttar\u00e1greiningi, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 reglan sem beitt er hafi veri\u00f0 til \u00feegar \u00feau l\u00f6gskipti \u00e1ttu s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 sem \u00e1greiningi valda. M\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00faist um a\u00f0 finna hana. \u00dea\u00f0 geti aldrei komi\u00f0 til greina a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn hafi heimild til a\u00f0 b\u00faa til n\u00fdja reglu og beita henni s\u00ed\u00f0an afturvirkt \u00e1 \u00e1greiningsefni\u00f0. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Svo undarlega sem \u00fea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3ma \u00ed huga lesandans eru uppi kenningar me\u00f0al l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga um a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafi heimildir af \u00feessu tagi. \u00deessu hafna \u00e9g alfari\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er eins og menn haldi \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 fram \u00ed alv\u00f6ru a\u00f0 leysa skuli \u00far r\u00e9ttar\u00e1greiningi me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fela \u00farlausn hans m\u00f6nnum sem hafi heimild til a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta n\u00fdja reglu og beita henni s\u00ed\u00f0an afturvirkt til lausnar \u00e1 honum. Sl\u00edkt gengur aldrei upp. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er til d\u00e6mis \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmikil grunnregla \u00ed r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki a\u00f0 l\u00f6g s\u00e9u birt \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00feeim er beitt. Vi\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar h\u00f6fum, svo sem fyrr var nefnt, l\u00f6gfest \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 fyrirm\u00e6li um \u00feetta. Afturvirk \u201ed\u00f3maral\u00f6g\u201c geta aldrei uppfyllt \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmiklu kr\u00f6fu. Kannski telja sumir a\u00f0 deila um \u00feetta skipti ekki miklu m\u00e1li. \u00dear er \u00e9g \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li. S\u00e1 ma\u00f0ur sem starfar sem d\u00f3mari ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 gera s\u00e9r sk\u00fdra grein fyrir m\u00f6rkum \u00feess mikla \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsvalds sem hann fer me\u00f0. Hugsun hans um \u00feetta er til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 hafa bein og \u00f3bein \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00f6ll hans st\u00f6rf. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00edslenskra l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga um r\u00e9ttarheimildir og starfsemi d\u00f3mst\u00f3la hef \u00e9g sagt a\u00f0 menn ver\u00f0i \u00e1vallt a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 einungis ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt \u00ed d\u00f3msm\u00e1linu. R\u00e9ttarheimildin sem beita beri hafi veri\u00f0 til sta\u00f0ar \u00feegar atvik m\u00e1lsins ur\u00f0u. M\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00faist um a\u00f0 finna hana og beita henni til \u00farlausnar \u00e1 \u00e1greiningi m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ila. Ganga ver\u00f0i \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0 leitina a\u00f0 ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt. D\u00f3marinn megi aldrei telja s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um a\u00f0 hann eigi val milli fleiri kosta. Raunar hlj\u00f3ta \u00feeir sem telja hann eiga sl\u00edkt val a\u00f0 \u00feurfa \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 gera grein fyrir \u00feeim sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um sem \u00feeir telja a\u00f0 honum beri a\u00f0 beita vi\u00f0 vali\u00f0. Nema \u00feeir telji hann eiga \u201efrj\u00e1lst\u201c val. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 m\u00ednum d\u00f3mi undarlegt ef sko\u00f0anir um \u00feetta eru skiptar me\u00f0al l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, svo auglj\u00f3st sem \u00feetta \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera. Hefur til d\u00e6mis einhver einhvern t\u00edma s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00ed forsendum d\u00f3ms l\u00fdst tveimur jafng\u00f3\u00f0um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um, \u00fear sem d\u00f3mari hefur klykkt \u00fat me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa yfir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann hafi \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka a\u00f0ra fram yfir hina? Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 ekki. Er \u00feetta \u00fe\u00e1 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00e9 leyndarm\u00e1l? D\u00f3marinn megi gera \u00feetta en bara ekki segja fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed? \u00dea\u00f0 er satt a\u00f0 segja \u00f3tr\u00falegt a\u00f0 menn skuli heyra alv\u00f6rugefna l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, jafnvel me\u00f0al starfandi d\u00f3mara, l\u00e1ta uppi \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00f3marar eigi svona valr\u00e9tt. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9g hef ekki legi\u00f0 \u00e1 sko\u00f0unum m\u00ednum \u00e1 \u00feessu. \u00c9g hef aldrei sagt a\u00f0 \u00feessi leit a\u00f0 hinni einu r\u00e9ttu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00e9 \u00e1vallt au\u00f0veld e\u00f0a kunni ekki a\u00f0 orka tv\u00edm\u00e6lis. \u00c9g hef hins vegar tali\u00f0 afar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmiki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeim, sem me\u00f0 d\u00f3msvaldi\u00f0 fara, s\u00e9 lj\u00f3s s\u00fa takm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 valdi \u00feeirra sem felst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir eru a\u00f0 leita vi\u00f0eigandi r\u00e9ttarheimildar en ekki skapa hana. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 getur sj\u00e1lfsagt veri\u00f0 freistandi fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem fara me\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsvald \u00e1 \u00e1kve\u00f0nu svi\u00f0i a\u00f0 beita \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1n \u00feeirra takmarkana sem vi\u00f0 eiga. \u00deannig geta \u00feeir komi\u00f0 fram \u00e1hugam\u00e1lum s\u00ednum hvort sem \u00feau eru af stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalegum toga e\u00f0a tengjast pers\u00f3nulegum \u00e1hugam\u00e1lum. Einhvern t\u00edma heyr\u00f0i \u00e9g tilb\u00fana d\u00e6mis\u00f6gu um Bandar\u00edkjamann sem vildi banna almenningi \u00fear \u00ed landi a\u00f0 eiga skotvopn. Hann bau\u00f0 sig fram til \u00feings me\u00f0 bar\u00e1ttum\u00e1l sitt \u00e1 v\u00f6runum og var fjarri \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00e1 kj\u00f6ri \u00fev\u00ed mikill meirihluta Bandar\u00edkjamanna vildi f\u00e1 a\u00f0 eiga skotvopn. Ma\u00f0urinn f\u00f3r \u00fe\u00e1 bara \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0in\u00e1m, t\u00f3k l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3f og var\u00f0 d\u00f3mari. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed starfi f\u00e9kk hann t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u sem d\u00f3mari a\u00f0 almenn skotvopnaeign v\u00e6ri \u00f3heimil. Til r\u00f6kstu\u00f0nings bj\u00f3 hann bara til n\u00fdja reglu sem kva\u00f0 \u00e1 um \u00feetta. \u00c6tli \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 svona sem menn vilja a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar starfi?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Svo undarlegt sem \u00fea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 vir\u00f0ast hef \u00e9g \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1ratugum nokkrum sinnum or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir h\u00e1lfger\u00f0um \u00e1r\u00e1sum fyrir sko\u00f0anir m\u00ednar \u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarheimilda og \u00feeirri vi\u00f0mi\u00f0un a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem leysir \u00far hafi ekki val milli margra kosta heldur ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 a\u00f0 leita a\u00f0 einni r\u00e9ttri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. S\u00e9rstaklega virtist or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00edn um \u00feetta hafa fari\u00f0 fyrir brj\u00f3sti\u00f0 \u00e1 g\u00f6mlum kennara m\u00ednum, Sigur\u00f0i L\u00edndal pr\u00f3fessor, sem beinl\u00ednis veittist a\u00f0 m\u00e9r \u00e1 opinberum vettvangi vegna \u00feess arna. \u00cd b\u00f3k minni \u201e\u00cd krafti sannf\u00e6ringar\u201c, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2014 (sj\u00e1 bls. 113-136), ger\u00f0i \u00e9g nokkra grein fyrir deilum m\u00ednum vi\u00f0 Sigur\u00f0 me\u00f0al annars um \u00feetta, \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e9r finnst h\u00fan s\u00fdna \u00e1kve\u00f0inn kjarna \u00ed \u00e1litaefnum sem \u00feessu tengjast og \u00fe\u00e1 einnig \u00ed sko\u00f0unum m\u00ednum um r\u00e9ttarheimildirnar.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Eins og \u00e9g hef \u00e1\u00f0ur lagt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 ver\u00f0ur d\u00f3mari sem leitar a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed m\u00e1li sem hann d\u00e6mir, a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 fleiri en ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a komi til greina m\u00e1 hann ekki telja s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um a\u00f0 hann megi velja \u00fe\u00e1 sem honum hugnast best. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/559","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=559"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/559\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=559"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}