{"id":555,"date":"2023-12-29T09:48:52","date_gmt":"2023-12-29T09:48:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/2023\/12\/29\/um-rettarheimildir\/"},"modified":"2025-05-26T09:50:15","modified_gmt":"2025-05-26T09:50:15","slug":"um-rettarheimildir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/2023\/12\/29\/um-rettarheimildir\/","title":{"rendered":"Um r\u00e9ttarheimildir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Einhverjum g\u00e6ti \u00fe\u00f3tt fr\u00f3\u00f0legt a\u00f0 f\u00e1 yfirlit yfir \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum er heimilt a\u00f0 beita vi\u00f0 lausn \u00e1 r\u00e9ttar\u00e1greiningi. \u00dear ber \u00feeim a\u00f0 beita \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 k\u00f6llum heimildir r\u00e9ttarins e\u00f0a r\u00e9ttarheimildir. Sj\u00e1lf stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in er \u00fear efst \u00e1 bla\u00f0i og gildir framar almennum l\u00f6gum ef \u00e1 milli ber. Ef \u00feessar heimildir duga ekki er gripi\u00f0 til annarra r\u00e9ttl\u00e6gri heimilda svo sem stj\u00f3rnvaldsfyrirm\u00e6la, sem ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 hafa sto\u00f0 \u00ed settum l\u00f6gum, meginreglna laga og e\u00f0lis m\u00e1ls, svo nefndar s\u00e9u \u00fe\u00e6r heimildir sem mestu m\u00e1li skipta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Margir \u00cdslendingar, \u00fe.m.t. sumir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar, telja a\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi s\u00e9 Mar\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu (MSE) \u00e6\u00f0ri \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gum. \u00deannig eigi l\u00f6g sem Al\u00feingi setur a\u00f0 v\u00edkja fyrir s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum ef ekki er samr\u00e6mi \u00fear \u00e1 milli.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00f6g nr. 62\/1994 kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1 um a\u00f0 MSE skyldi hafa lagagildi h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. \u00deessi l\u00f6g hafa ekki a\u00f0 geyma sj\u00e1lf \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i MSE heldur a\u00f0eins almenna tilv\u00edsun til \u00feeirra. Samt hafa sumir haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram l\u00f6gin um s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann hafi meira gildi en \u00f6nnur almenn l\u00f6g. \u00deau bindi hendur l\u00f6ggjafans (\u00feess sama og sam\u00feykkti \u00feau) til framt\u00ed\u00f0ar og standi jafnvel framar sj\u00e1lfri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00deessi sko\u00f0un f\u00e6r ekki sta\u00f0ist. \u00deegar athugu\u00f0 er forgangsr\u00f6\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarheimilda er kannski einfaldast a\u00f0 athuga hvernig reglu, sem byggist \u00e1 tiltekinni heimild, ver\u00f0i breytt. Stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in stendur almennum l\u00f6gum ofar og getur almenni l\u00f6ggjafinn (Al\u00feingi) ekki breytt henni. Almenn l\u00f6g standa r\u00e9ttarheimildum, eins og t.d. venjum, framar og ver\u00f0ur \u00feeim a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u breytt me\u00f0 settum l\u00f6gum. Ef almenni l\u00f6ggjafinn ger\u00f0i breytingu \u00e1 l\u00f6gunum fr\u00e1 1994, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 takmarka einhver r\u00e9ttindi sem MSE tryggir, k\u00e6mi \u00fea\u00f0 eitt til sko\u00f0unar, hvort sl\u00edk breyting f\u00e6ri \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 \u00edslensku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na. Ef ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an yr\u00f0i s\u00fa, a\u00f0 breytingin ger\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 ekki, hef\u00f0i h\u00fan fullt gildi a\u00f0 innanlandsr\u00e9tti.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 stenst ekki a\u00f0 telja l\u00f6gin fr\u00e1 1994, standa framar yngri almennum l\u00f6gum. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed f\u00e6list s\u00fa afsta\u00f0a, a\u00f0 al\u00feingismennirnir, sem l\u00f6gin settu 1994, hafi bundi\u00f0 hendur \u00feeirra al\u00feingismanna sem \u00e1 eftir \u00feeim hafa komi\u00f0. Hvergi er \u00ed stj\u00f3rnl\u00f6gum a\u00f0 finna neina heimild fyrir svona \u00e1lyktun. Sama er a\u00f0 segja um \u00farlausnir Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu (MDE), \u00fe\u00e6r ver\u00f0a ekki sj\u00e1lfkrafa a\u00f0 innanlandsr\u00e9tti \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00deetta er raunar berum or\u00f0um teki\u00f0 fram \u00ed 2. gr. laganna fr\u00e1 1994. \u00dea\u00f0 breytir engu um \u00feetta, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 finna megi d\u00e6mi um \u00f3n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni \u00ed or\u00f0alagi nokkurra d\u00f3ma H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar sem g\u00e6tu talist gefa \u00feetta til kynna.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0urnar fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 sumum \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum vir\u00f0ist hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e1lt \u00e1 \u00feessu svelli r\u00e9ttarheimildanna eru l\u00edklega tv\u00e6r. \u00cd fyrsta lagi hefur \u00edslenska stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in inni a\u00f0 halda s\u00e9rstakan kafla, \u00fear sem mannr\u00e9ttindi eru verndu\u00f0. S\u00e1 kafli var reyndar \u201ehresstur vi\u00f0\u201c 1995, m.a. til a\u00f0 samr\u00e6ma hann betur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um MSE. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0in um vernd mannr\u00e9ttindanna \u00ed \u00feessum stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rkafla eru au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0ri almennum l\u00f6gum, sem mega ekki fara \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 \u00feau. \u00dea\u00f0 er eins og sumir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar telji \u00feessa \u00e6\u00f0ri st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a um mannr\u00e9ttindi liggja \u00ed l\u00f6gunum fr\u00e1 1994 en ekki stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni, og \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00edklega vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 um sams konar r\u00e9ttindi er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed MSE, sem l\u00f6gin fr\u00e1 1994 v\u00edsa til. Hin \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an er l\u00edklega s\u00fa, a\u00f0 h\u00e9r innanlands er fyrir hendi r\u00edkur p\u00f3lit\u00edskur vilji til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 \u00farlausnum MDE og breyta landsr\u00e9tti ef d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn ytra telur a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9ttur brj\u00f3ti \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans. Raunar h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 gengist undir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlega skuldbindingu gagnvart \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans um a\u00f0 gera \u00feetta. \u00deennan p\u00f3lit\u00edska vilja er \u00f6rugglega a\u00f0 finna hj\u00e1 \u00f6llum stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laflokkum \u00ed landinu. Af \u00feeim f\u00e1u d\u00e6mum sem fyrir liggja, hefur \u00feetta jafnan or\u00f0i\u00f0 raunin. Vi\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 brug\u00f0ist h\u00e9r innanlands af r\u00e9ttum a\u00f0ilum. Kannski \u00feetta s\u00e9 \u00ed og me\u00f0 einnig \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a fyrir \u00feeirri torkennilegu sko\u00f0un, a\u00f0 almenni l\u00f6ggjafinn hafi bundi\u00f0 s\u00ednar eigin hendur \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni me\u00f0 setningu laga \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1994?<\/span><\/p>\n

Fyrir nokkrum \u00e1rum flutti \u00fe\u00e1verandi d\u00f3msm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra, Bj\u00f6rn Bjarnason, \u00a0r\u00e6\u00f0u um Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann \u00e1 fundi me\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum. F\u00f3r hann \u00fe\u00e1 yfir\u00a0 meginatri\u00f0i sem var\u00f0a tengsl landsr\u00e9ttarins hj\u00e1 fullvalda r\u00edkjum og s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans. \u00dea\u00f0 sem hann sag\u00f0i \u00fear samr\u00e6mdist \u00fev\u00ed sem a\u00f0 framan segir og \u00e6tti a\u00f0 geta veri\u00f0 \u00f3umdeilt, svo sk\u00fdrt sem \u00fea\u00f0 var og auglj\u00f3st. \u00de\u00e1 br\u00e1 svo vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 dagbla\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0i fors\u00ed\u00f0ugrein (26. september 2003), \u00fear sem helst var gefi\u00f0 \u00ed skyn, a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0herrann v\u00e6ri \u00e1 m\u00f3ti mannr\u00e9ttindum! Naut bla\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fear tilstyrks fr\u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fessor, sem r\u00e9tt \u00e1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i s\u00f3tt um emb\u00e6tti h\u00e6star\u00e9ttard\u00f3mara en ekki fengi\u00f0. Lag\u00f0i hann \u00fat af or\u00f0um r\u00e1\u00f0herrans \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt, a\u00f0 \u201esumir valdhafar \u2026 vir\u00f0ist hafa tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 hafa horn \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0u Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins, \u00fear sem hann takmarkar vald \u00feeirra\u201c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00deetta var s\u00e9rkennilegur m\u00e1lflutningur svo ekki s\u00e9 meira sagt. \u00de\u00e1verandi d\u00f3msm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0herra var stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lama\u00f0ur sem \u00ed starfi s\u00ednu haf\u00f0i s\u00fdnt, a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri mikill \u00e1hugama\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 tryggja vernd borgara fyrir misbeitingu r\u00edkisvaldsins. Hann ver\u00f0skulda\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0 menn veittust a\u00f0 honum me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti sem \u00fearna var gert. Hann \u00e1tti miklu fremur hr\u00f3s skili\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 vilja leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 meginatri\u00f0i, sem \u00edslensk stj\u00f3rnskipan byggir \u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00cdsland s\u00e9 fullvalda r\u00edki og \u00fea\u00f0 heyri undir l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega kj\u00f6rin l\u00f6ggjafa \u00ed landinu a\u00f0 taka \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir um innlenda lagasetningu og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar skuldbindingar r\u00edkisins.<\/span><\/p>\n

J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Einhverjum g\u00e6ti \u00fe\u00f3tt fr\u00f3\u00f0legt a\u00f0 f\u00e1 yfirlit yfir \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum er heimilt a\u00f0 beita vi\u00f0 lausn \u00e1 r\u00e9ttar\u00e1greiningi. \u00dear ber \u00feeim a\u00f0 beita \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0 k\u00f6llum heimildir r\u00e9ttarins e\u00f0a r\u00e9ttarheimildir. Sj\u00e1lf stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in er \u00fear efst \u00e1 bla\u00f0i og gildir framar almennum l\u00f6gum ef \u00e1 milli ber. Ef \u00feessar heimildir duga ekki er […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/555","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=555"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":851,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/555\/revisions\/851"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=555"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=555"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}