Forseti lagadeildar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk kom a\u00f0 m\u00e1li vi\u00f0 mig og \u00f3ska\u00f0i eftir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e9g skrifa\u00f0i grein \u00ed rit sem lagadeildin hyggst gefa \u00fat \u00ed tilefni af 20 \u00e1ra afm\u00e6li deildarinnar \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta \u00e1ri 2022. \u00c9g gegndi \u00fear st\u00f6rfum sem fyrsti pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 deildina \u00e1rin 2002-2004 en l\u00e9t af \u00feeim st\u00f6rfum \u00feegar \u00e9g var skipa\u00f0ur h\u00e6star\u00e9ttard\u00f3mari.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta \u00e1ri 2022 n\u00e1\u00f0i \u00e9g 75 \u00e1ra aldri. Af \u00feeirri sta\u00f0reynd m\u00e1 \u00e1lykta a\u00f0 \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milega fari senn a\u00f0 styttast \u00ed annan endann hj\u00e1 m\u00e9r. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed lj\u00f3si finn \u00e9g fyrir \u00fe\u00f6rf til a\u00f0 l\u00edta yfir farinn veg \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inni til huglei\u00f0inga um sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 m\u00edn gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina og hvort \u00e9g hafi \u00e1orka\u00f0 einhverju me\u00f0 skrifum m\u00ednum og opinberri tj\u00e1ningu. Vi\u00f0fangsefnin hafa a\u00f0allega var\u00f0a\u00f0 starfsemi d\u00f3mst\u00f3la en einnig hef \u00e9g fjalla\u00f0 um m\u00e1l sem allt eins mega teljast tilheyra vettvangi stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1la, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0in komi \u00fear einnig nokku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu.<\/p>\n
M\u00e9r fannst vel til falli\u00f0 a\u00f0 birta grein \u00ed ritinu um vi\u00f0fangsefni m\u00edn gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina, \u00fear sem \u00e9g tel mig hafa barist fyrir endurb\u00f3tum \u00e1 d\u00f3mskerfinu. \u00cd \u00feessari grein ver\u00f0ur vitaskuld helst stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 fyrri skrifin um hug\u00f0arefni m\u00edn og hugleitt hvort \u00feau kunni a\u00f0 hafa haft einhver \u00feau \u00e1hrif sem \u00e9g vona\u00f0ist eftir.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g lauk l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fi hausti\u00f0 1973. Kannski m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00e9g hafi \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feegar veri\u00f0 or\u00f0inn heilla\u00f0ur af kenningum l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0innar um starfsemi d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. \u00deeir skyldu einungis d\u00e6ma eftir l\u00f6gum. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00e1greiningsm\u00e1la skyldu a\u00f0eins r\u00e1\u00f0ast af hlutlausri beitingu svonefndra r\u00e9ttarheimilda. Alveg var sama hver \u00e6tti \u00ed hlut. Allir yr\u00f0u a\u00f0 l\u00fata \u00feessum hlutlausu reglum. L\u00edka sj\u00e1lft \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0. \u00c1 \u00feessum grundvelli notu\u00f0um vi\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201er\u00e9ttarr\u00edki\u201c um okkar r\u00edki. Til \u00feess heyr\u00f0i einnig og ekki s\u00edst a\u00f0 almenningur kaus valdhafa \u00ed almennum kosningum, \u00fear sem allir fullbur\u00f0a menn t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt.<\/p>\n
V\u00ed\u00f0a annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed heiminum voru allt annars konar vi\u00f0horf r\u00edkjandi. \u00dear r\u00e9\u00f0u \u00feeir menn m\u00e1lum, sem komist h\u00f6f\u00f0u til valda me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beita bellibr\u00f6g\u00f0um og ofbeldi. Ef \u00feeim s\u00fdndist svo beittu \u00feeir valdi s\u00ednu miskunnarlaust gagnvart borgurum. \u00deeir hirtu \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00edtt um \u00e6tlu\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 haga l\u00edfi s\u00ednu \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt sem \u00feeir sj\u00e1lfir kysu. Allt skyldi l\u00fata valdi r\u00e1\u00f0amanna. \u00deeir borgarar sem ekki hl\u00fdddu r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00f6flum voru einfaldlega sviptir frelsi og loka\u00f0ir inni e\u00f0a jafnvel sviptir l\u00edfi.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g held a\u00f0 \u00e9g hafi alltaf haft r\u00edka tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 skynja grunnreglur sem eiga a\u00f0 gilda \u00ed m\u00e1lefnum borgaranna og samskiptum \u00feeirra hvers vi\u00f0 annan. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fev\u00ed einbo\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 grunnreglur r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkisins yr\u00f0u eins konar lei\u00f0arv\u00edsir \u00ed l\u00edfi m\u00ednu og starfi. \u00c9g f\u00f3r flj\u00f3tlega a\u00f0 vinna sem m\u00e1lflutningsma\u00f0ur og t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1 gjarnan a\u00f0 m\u00e9r m\u00e1l \u00fear sem borgarar h\u00f6f\u00f0u ekki fengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta \u00feeirra grunnr\u00e9ttinda sem fyrrgreindar kenningarnar l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0innar m\u00e6ltu a\u00f0 m\u00ednum d\u00f3mi fyrir um.<\/p>\n
Segja m\u00e1 a\u00f0 flj\u00f3tlega hafi m\u00e9r or\u00f0i\u00f0 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 raunveruleikinn \u00ed starfsemi d\u00f3mst\u00f3lanna v\u00e6ri allur annar en kenningarnar \u00far lagadeildinni s\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 vera. Helgustu lagareglurnar voru \u00fe\u00e6r sem kv\u00e1\u00f0u \u00e1 um vernd \u00feeirra r\u00e9ttinda sem skiptu borgarana mestu og vi\u00f0 k\u00f6llum mannr\u00e9ttindi. Kve\u00f0i\u00f0 var \u00e1 um vernd \u00feeirra \u00ed sj\u00e1lfri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni og raunar einnig \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum sem vi\u00f0 \u00e1ttum a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 og h\u00f6f\u00f0um l\u00f6gfest h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur virtu d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar stundum ekki \u00feessi r\u00e9ttindi \u00feegar \u00e1 reyndi. Oft var \u00feeim hafna\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 einu sinni v\u00e6ri eytt or\u00f0um \u00ed r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning fyrir \u00feeim ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u00feessari ritger\u00f0 hyggst \u00e9g skipta efninu upp \u00ed kafla e\u00f0a flokka. Fyrst hyggst \u00e9g fjalla um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinbers valds, sem \u00e9g hef oft tali\u00f0 verulega \u00e1b\u00f3tavant (2). S\u00ed\u00f0an v\u00edk \u00e9g a\u00f0 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um m\u00ednum um valdm\u00f6rk d\u00f3mst\u00f3lanna og \u00fe\u00e1 deilum sem \u00e9g hef \u00e1tt \u00ed vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra um \u00fea\u00f0 sem nefnt hefur veri\u00f0 lagasetningarvald d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. \u00dear ver\u00f0ur m.a. fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00e1 forsendu fyrir \u00farskur\u00f0arvaldi um l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg \u00e1litam\u00e1l, a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem \u00far leysi ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 leggja til grundvallar a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 a\u00f0 leita r\u00e9ttrar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u samkv\u00e6mt \u00feeim r\u00e9ttarheimildum sem vi\u00f0 eigi en ekki a\u00f0 setja n\u00fdjar reglur. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed samhengi ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0a\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur d\u00e6mi af d\u00f3ms\u00farlausnum undanfarinna \u00e1ra um umbo\u00f0ssvik. (3) S\u00e9rstaklega mun \u00e9g svo fjalla um s\u00f6nnun \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum sem \u00e9g hef oftsinnis viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed skrifum m\u00ednum. (4)<\/p>\n
Einhvern veginn \u00e1tti \u00e9g allt fr\u00e1 upphafi starfs\u00e6vi minnar erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 sitja \u00feegjandi undir \u00feeirri misnotkun d\u00f3mst\u00f3lavaldsins, sem \u00e9g taldi mig sj\u00e1 \u00ed framkv\u00e6md. Eftir nokkur \u00e1r sem m\u00e1lflutningsma\u00f0ur skrifa\u00f0i \u00e9g b\u00f3kina \u201eDeilt \u00e1 d\u00f3marana\u201c. H\u00fan kom \u00fat \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1987. \u00cd henni var fjalla\u00f0 um sex d\u00f3msm\u00e1l \u00fear sem reyndi \u00e1 vernd mannr\u00e9ttinda og H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur haf\u00f0i d\u00e6mt. Taldi \u00e9g a\u00f0 ekki hef\u00f0i fengist vi\u00f0hl\u00edtandi vernd fyrir mannr\u00e9ttindin sem \u00feessi m\u00e1l snerust um.<\/p>\n
\u00cd b\u00f3kinni var greint fr\u00e1 d\u00f3msm\u00e1lum, \u00fear sem m.a. reyndi \u00e1 tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi, vernd eignarr\u00e9ttar og f\u00e9lagafrelsi. \u00cd b\u00f3karlok dr\u00f3 \u00e9g saman nokkrar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur, \u00fe.e.a.s. sv\u00f6r H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar um \u00feau r\u00e9ttindi sem \u00e1 haf\u00f0i reynt \u00ed d\u00f3msm\u00e1lunum. \u00dear sag\u00f0i m.a. svo:<\/p>\n
\u00c9g held a\u00f0 \u00feessi b\u00f3k m\u00edn hafi raunverulega haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 gang m\u00e1la h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00ed framhaldinu. Atbur\u00f0ar\u00e1sin \u00ed m\u00e1linu um gengismuninn var ekki n\u00fd af n\u00e1linni. Hi\u00f0 sama haf\u00f0i oft gerst \u00e1\u00f0ur, \u00fe.e. gengi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 fellt um tugi pr\u00f3senta og \u201egengishagna\u00f0urinn\u201c s\u00ed\u00f0an ger\u00f0ur uppt\u00e6kur en \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0eins \u00far hendi \u00feeirra sem selt h\u00f6f\u00f0u fisk til \u00fatlanda og ekki fengi\u00f0 andvir\u00f0i\u00f0 greitt \u00feegar gengi\u00f0 var fellt. \u201eGengishagna\u00f0ur\u201c var munurinn sem andvir\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e6kka\u00f0i \u00ed \u00edslenskum kr\u00f3num vi\u00f0 gengisfellinguna. \u00deessu f\u00e9 r\u00e1\u00f0st\u00f6fu\u00f0u valdsmenn s\u00ed\u00f0an til margv\u00edslegra \u00fearfa \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nokkur fyrirm\u00e6li v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 finna \u00ed l\u00f6gum um heimildir til \u00feess. \u00cd \u00feokkab\u00f3t voru \u00fea\u00f0 bara \u00fatflytjendur fiskafur\u00f0a sem \u00feurftu a\u00f0 s\u00e6ta \u00feessu. A\u00f0rir sem \u201eh\u00f6gnu\u00f0ust\u201c \u00e1 gengisfellingu h\u00e9ldu s\u00ednu sj\u00e1lfir. \u00dear m\u00e1tti m.a. telja eigendur \u00fatfluttra i\u00f0na\u00f0arvara, \u00fear sem erlendur kaupandi haf\u00f0i ekki greitt andvir\u00f0i\u00f0. Einnig eigendur erlends gjaldeyris svo einfaldasta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 s\u00e9 nefnt.<\/p>\n
D\u00f3msm\u00e1li\u00f0 um \u00feetta sem fr\u00e1 var sagt \u00ed b\u00f3kinni tapa\u00f0ist \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tti, svo fur\u00f0ulegt sem \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e1 teljast. \u00deetta var hins vegar aldrei gert aftur. Og \u00fear tr\u00fai \u00e9g a\u00f0 \u00feetta d\u00f3msm\u00e1l og fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnin af \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed b\u00f3k minni hafi haft \u00e1hrif.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 vakti svo athygli vi\u00f0 breytingar \u00e1 mannr\u00e9ttindakafla stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1995 (l\u00f6g nr. 97\/1995) a\u00f0 \u00fear var m.a. a\u00f0 finna n\u00fdm\u00e6li sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u samsv\u00f6run \u00ed b\u00f3k minni; sj\u00e1 t.d. 2. mgr. 74. gr. \u00fear sem teki\u00f0 var upp \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um a\u00f0 til f\u00e9lagafrelsis heyr\u00f0i a\u00f0 ekki m\u00e6tti skylda menn til a\u00f0ildar a\u00f0 f\u00e9l\u00f6gum. \u00cd einu m\u00e1lanna sem fjalla\u00f0 var um \u00ed b\u00f3k minni haf\u00f0i reynt \u00e1 \u00feetta. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist svo \u00e1 n\u00fd \u00ed m\u00e1li sem \u00e9g rak eftir a\u00f0 b\u00f3kin kom \u00fat og d\u00e6mt var \u00ed r\u00e9ttinum 15. desember 1988 (H. 239\/1987). Ekki er \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 \u00feessi m\u00e1l hafi haft \u00e1hrif \u00feegar mannr\u00e9ttindakaflanum var breytt 1995.<\/p>\n
Einnig m\u00e1 telja v\u00edst a\u00f0 b\u00f3k m\u00edn hafi haft \u00e1hrif \u00feegar sett var reglan um sk\u00fdlaust bann vi\u00f0 afturvirkni skatta \u00ed 77. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 \u00e1rinu 2010 var ger\u00f0 breyting \u00e1 lagareglum um skipun n\u00fdrra d\u00f3mara, sj\u00e1 l\u00f6g nr. 45\/2010. Fram a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed haf\u00f0i H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur sj\u00e1lfur veitt umsagnir um h\u00e6fni ums\u00e6kjenda um d\u00f3marast\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tti og r\u00e1\u00f0herra s\u00ed\u00f0an skipa\u00f0 einn \u00feeirra sem r\u00e9tturinn haf\u00f0i tali\u00f0 uppfylla h\u00e6fniskr\u00f6fur. D\u00e6mi voru \u00fe\u00e1 um a\u00f0 r\u00e9tturinn hef\u00f0i reynt a\u00f0 hafa bein \u00e1hrif \u00e1 val r\u00e1\u00f0herra me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 veita umsagnir sem allir s\u00e1u a\u00f0 voru hlutdr\u00e6gar gagnvart ums\u00e6kjendum. Me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti virtist r\u00e9tturinn vilja \u00e1kve\u00f0a hver yr\u00f0i fyrir valinu \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 a\u00f0fer\u00f0in v\u00e6ri \u00f3bein og oft hlutdr\u00e6g.<\/p>\n
\u00deegar huga\u00f0 er a\u00f0 lagareglum um \u00feetta efni, \u00e6tti einkum a\u00f0 hafa tvennt \u00ed huga. Annars vegar \u00fearf a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edskur r\u00e1\u00f0herra geti upp \u00e1 eind\u00e6mi sitt skipa\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00f3maraemb\u00e6tti \u00f3h\u00e6fan ums\u00e6kjanda \u00far h\u00f3pi p\u00f3lit\u00edskra samherja sinna. Hann \u00e6tti \u00feess vegna ekki einn a\u00f0 fara me\u00f0 skipunarvaldi\u00f0. Hins vegar \u00fearf a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sitjandi d\u00f3marar f\u00e1i ekki \u00ed hendur hi\u00f0 raunverulega \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarvald um val milli ums\u00e6kjenda, \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0 viljum ekki a\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0sti d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar s\u00e9 skipa\u00f0ur pers\u00f3nulegum vinum og jafnvel eins konar kl\u00edkubr\u00e6\u00f0rum \u00feeirra sem fyrir sitja \u00ed d\u00f3minum.<\/p>\n
Breytingin sem ger\u00f0 var me\u00f0 l\u00f6gunum 2010 var afar \u00f3heppileg. H\u00fan f\u00e6r\u00f0i valdi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 velja milli ums\u00e6kjenda \u00ed reynd til d\u00f3maraa\u00f0alsins sj\u00e1lfs me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta nefndina sem meta \u00e1tti h\u00e6fni ums\u00e6kjenda ra\u00f0a ums\u00e6kjendum upp \u00ed h\u00e6fnisr\u00f6\u00f0 og m\u00e6la svo fyrir um a\u00f0 s\u00e1 efsti skyldi skipa\u00f0ur. Undanfarin \u00e1r hafa s\u00e9st m\u00f6rg d\u00e6mi um misnotkun \u00e1 \u00feessu valdi, \u00feannig a\u00f0 vildarvinir eru teknir fram yfir a\u00f0ra.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g skrifa\u00f0i kafla um \u00feetta \u00ed b\u00f3k m\u00edna \u201eVeikbur\u00f0a H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur\u201c, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2013, sj\u00e1 \u00fear bls. 40-53. \u00dear eru nefnd d\u00e6mi um misnotkun umsagnarvaldsins og ger\u00f0 tillaga um a\u00f0 Al\u00feingi skuli sta\u00f0festa skipun n\u00fds d\u00f3mara eftir a\u00f0 hann hafi m\u00e6tt fyrir \u00feingnefnd \u00e1 opinn fund til a\u00f0 svara spurningum, m.a. um valdm\u00f6rk d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. V\u00edsast til b\u00f3karinnar um \u00feetta.<\/p>\n
\u00deegar Landsr\u00e9tti var komi\u00f0 \u00e1 f\u00f3t me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 50\/2016 kom fram \u00e1 Al\u00feingi a\u00f0 \u00e1 vegum d\u00f3msm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytisins v\u00e6ri unni\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku frumvarpi um breytingu \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um laga um skipan n\u00fdrra d\u00f3mara a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum landsins. Kva\u00f0st r\u00e1\u00f0herrann hafa s\u00e9rstakan \u00e1huga \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1li. Vakti \u00feetta vonir um a\u00f0 innan seilingar v\u00e6ru breytingar \u00e1 \u00feeirri skipan sem gilt haf\u00f0i um \u00feetta efni og l\u00fdst er h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan. Br\u00fdnasta \u00fe\u00f6rfin laut a\u00f0 breytingu \u00e1 reglum um skipan h\u00e6star\u00e9ttard\u00f3mara, en sitjandi d\u00f3marar \u00ed r\u00e9ttinum h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed reynd alr\u00e6\u00f0isvald um \u00fea\u00f0 hverjir skyldu n\u00fdir f\u00e1 a\u00f0 komast inn \u00ed h\u00f3pinn, sbr. \u00fea\u00f0 sem a\u00f0 framan sag\u00f0i um \u00fea\u00f0 efni. \u00de\u00e1 voru komin fram d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 s\u00e9rvaldir ums\u00e6kjendur hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 teknir fram yfir a\u00f0ra me\u00f0 afar hlutdr\u00e6gum ums\u00f6gnum um h\u00e6fni, en r\u00e1\u00f0herra var samkv\u00e6mt gildandi l\u00f6gum me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num h\u00e6tti bundinn vi\u00f0 sl\u00edkar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur hins r\u00e1\u00f0andi d\u00f3marah\u00f3ps. Og s\u00e1 h\u00f3pur vildi f\u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00feessu til a\u00f0 geta vi\u00f0haldi\u00f0 \u201efj\u00f6lskyldustemningunni\u201c sem r\u00e6\u00f0ur r\u00edkjum vi\u00f0 d\u00f3ms\u00fdslu r\u00e9ttarins. H\u00fan leyf\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0 einstakir d\u00f3marar \u00ed h\u00f3pnum leg\u00f0u sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt mat \u00e1 sakarefni m\u00e1lanna fremur en a\u00f0 skrifa upp \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem fr\u00e1 hinum kom.<\/p>\n
Frumvarpi\u00f0 um \u00feessar breytingar var \u00fe\u00f3 aldrei flutt \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir yfirl\u00fdstan \u00e1huga r\u00e1\u00f0herrans. Hvernig \u00e6tli standi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed? \u00deetta m\u00e1l er ekki fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 \u00ed sm\u00ed\u00f0um. \u00c6tli veri\u00f0 geti a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0herra hafi l\u00e1ti\u00f0 sitjandi valdah\u00f3p \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tti hrekja sig fr\u00e1 verki? Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an er alt\u00e9nt s\u00fa a\u00f0 enn munu sitjandi d\u00f3marar um \u00f3fyrirsj\u00e1anlega framt\u00ed\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a skipun n\u00fdrra d\u00f3mara.<\/p>\n
\u00deegar Landsr\u00e9ttur var stofna\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2016 var m\u00e1la\u00e1lagi l\u00e9tt af H\u00e6star\u00e9tti svo sem br\u00fdna nau\u00f0syn bar til. Vi\u00f0 blasti a\u00f0 f\u00e6kka bar d\u00f3murum \u00ed r\u00e9ttinum ni\u00f0ur \u00ed fimm og l\u00e1ta \u00fe\u00e1 alla sitja \u00ed \u00f6llum m\u00e1lum sem \u00feanga\u00f0 k\u00e6mu. D\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn yr\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 kominn me\u00f0 \u00feann d\u00f3marafj\u00f6lda sem veri\u00f0 haf\u00f0i framan af \u00e1 starfsferli hans, auk \u00feess sem ford\u00e6misgildi d\u00f3manna yr\u00f0i sterkara, \u00fear sem s\u00f6mu d\u00f3marar d\u00e6mdu \u00f6ll m\u00e1lin. En \u00fe\u00e1 kom \u00e1 daginn a\u00f0 r\u00e9tturinn sj\u00e1lfur \u00f3ska\u00f0i eftir a\u00f0 d\u00f3murum yr\u00f0i bara f\u00e6kka\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00f6, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 engin \u00fe\u00f6rf v\u00e6ri \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, \u00fear sem einungis fimm d\u00f3marar skyldu sitja \u00ed hverju m\u00e1li. \u00deetta var fremur undarlegt svo ekki s\u00e9 meira sagt.<\/p>\n
\u00cd lj\u00f3s er n\u00fa komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00f3mararnir vi\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt eru farnir a\u00f0 gegna umfangsmiklum st\u00f6rfum utan r\u00e9ttarins. Til d\u00e6mis sitja fj\u00f3rir \u00feeirra \u00ed f\u00f6stum kennarast\u00f6\u00f0um vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, \u00fer\u00edr sem pr\u00f3fessorar og einn d\u00f3sent. Fyrir \u00feessi st\u00f6rf \u00feiggja \u00feeir umtalsver\u00f0 f\u00f6st laun til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar vi\u00f0 d\u00f3maralaunin. \u00deetta er n\u00fdtt \u00ed s\u00f6gu r\u00e9ttarins. \u00cd fort\u00ed\u00f0inni hafa kennarar sem hloti\u00f0 hafa skipun \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tt jafnan sagt kennslust\u00f6\u00f0um s\u00ednum lausum. Nefna m\u00e1 \u00ed d\u00e6maskyni \u00c1rmann Sn\u00e6varr, \u00de\u00f3r Vilhj\u00e1lmsson, Arnlj\u00f3t Bj\u00f6rnsson, Mark\u00fas Sigurbj\u00f6rnsson, sj\u00e1lfan mig og Vi\u00f0ar M\u00e1 Matth\u00edasson. Fyrsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um \u00feessa s\u00e9rkennilegu n\u00fdbreytni er Benedikt Bogason, sem gegnir pr\u00f3fessorsst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00cd. \u00dea\u00f0 gera n\u00fana l\u00edka Bj\u00f6rg Thorarensen og \u00c1sa \u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir. Karl Axelsson er d\u00f3sent. \u00deannig sitja n\u00fa fj\u00f3rir af sj\u00f6 d\u00f3murum r\u00e9ttarins \u00ed f\u00f6stum kennslust\u00f6\u00f0um vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00cd. \u00dea\u00f0 er eins og a\u00f0rir handhafar r\u00edkisvalds \u00feori ekki a\u00f0 sporna vi\u00f0 \u00feessari undarlegu \u00fer\u00f3un. Eru \u00feeir hr\u00e6ddir vi\u00f0 valds\u00e6kna d\u00f3marana?<\/p>\n
A\u00f0 m\u00ednum d\u00f3mi er ekki bo\u00f0legt \u00fea\u00f0 bandalag sem myndast hefur me\u00f0 \u00feessum h\u00e6tti milli lagadeildar H\u00cd og r\u00e9ttarins. Deildin hefur \u00fev\u00ed hlutverki a\u00f0 gegna a\u00f0 fjalla me\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdnum h\u00e6tti um d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md \u00ed landinu. En \u00fearna eru allir vinir. \u00deeir gefa \u00fat hei\u00f0ursrit hver \u00f6\u00f0rum til vegsemdar og sitja saman \u00ed nefndum, sem fara me\u00f0 veigamikil v\u00f6ld \u00ed d\u00f3mskerfinu, t.d. vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 meta h\u00e6fni d\u00f3maraefna. Auglj\u00f3s d\u00e6mi eru um misnotkun \u00e1 \u00feessu s\u00ed\u00f0astnefnda valdi.<\/p>\n
Svo gegna d\u00f3mararnir \u00ed H\u00e6atar\u00e9tti einnig \u00f6\u00f0rum aukast\u00f6rfum sem hlj\u00f3ta a\u00f0 teljast umfangsmikil. Einn er forseti enduruppt\u00f6kud\u00f3ms. Einn situr \u00ed r\u00e9ttarfarsnefnd sem hefur a\u00f0 gegna umfangsmiklu starfi vi\u00f0 samningu lagafrumvarpa o.fl. Hvernig geta d\u00f3marar vi\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed a\u00f0 semja lagafrumv\u00f6rp me\u00f0 \u00feessum h\u00e6tti? Fleiri d\u00e6mi um sl\u00edk aukast\u00f6rf m\u00e6tti telja en ver\u00f0ur ekki gert h\u00e9r.<\/p>\n
\u00de\u00e1 l\u00e6\u00f0ist a\u00f0 manni grunur um a\u00f0 d\u00f3mararnir \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tti hafi s\u00e9\u00f0 s\u00e9r leik \u00e1 bor\u00f0i vi\u00f0 stofnun Landsr\u00e9ttar til a\u00f0 tryggja sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r m\u00f6guleika til aukastarfa sem greiddar eru v\u00e6nar \u00fe\u00f3knanir fyrir. \u00deess vegna hafi \u00feeir vilja\u00f0 vera sj\u00f6 en ekki fimm eins og vi\u00f0 blasti a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri n\u00f3g. V\u00e6ri ekki r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands uppl\u00fdsti almenning um launagrei\u00f0slur s\u00ednar til \u00feessara h\u00e6star\u00e9ttard\u00f3mara?<\/p>\n
\u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 b\u00f3kin m\u00edn \u201eDeilt \u00e1 d\u00f3marana\u201c v\u00e6ri komin \u00fat var svo sannarlega haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram a\u00f0 i\u00f0ka annarlega l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed forsendum d\u00f3mst\u00f3la og \u00farlausnum \u00feeirra. \u00deannig ger\u00f0ist \u00fea\u00f0 endurteki\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar m\u00f3tu\u00f0u n\u00fdjar lagareglur \u00ed d\u00f3mum s\u00ednum. \u00deetta taldi \u00e9g \u00feeim me\u00f0 \u00f6llu \u00f3heimilt a\u00f0 gera. Hlutverk \u00feeirra v\u00e6ri a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma eftir gildandi l\u00f6gum, eins og raunar var teki\u00f0 fram \u00ed 61. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar. \u00deessi afm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 valdi d\u00f3mst\u00f3la bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 meginreglunni um \u00fer\u00edskiptingu r\u00edkisvaldsins, sem \u00e1tti a\u00f0 gilda h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi l\u00edkt og kve\u00f0i\u00f0 var \u00e1 um \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00edkjum sem bygg\u00f0u stj\u00f3rnskipun s\u00edna \u00e1 sama grunni og vi\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar.<\/p>\n
Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessum kenningum er l\u00f6ggjafarvaldi\u00f0 hj\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kj\u00f6rnum fulltr\u00faum sem ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 standa almenningi reikningsskil gj\u00f6r\u00f0a sinna \u00ed almennum kosningum sem haldnar eru me\u00f0 reglulegu millibili. Me\u00f0 \u00feessu er leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 valdi\u00f0 til lagasetningar s\u00e9 komi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 sj\u00e1lfri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 annmarka megi finna \u00e1 \u00feessu fyrirkomulagi er samt lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 byggist \u00e1 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i um a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsvaldi\u00f0 s\u00e9 fr\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni komi\u00f0. \u00deeir valdsmenn sem me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fara hafi fengi\u00f0 umbo\u00f0 til \u00feess fr\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni og ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 standa henni skil gj\u00f6r\u00f0a sinna.<\/p>\n
Ekkert svona fyrirkomulag gildir um vald d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. \u00deeir \u00feurfa aldrei a\u00f0 svara neinni \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 gj\u00f6r\u00f0um s\u00ednum. \u00dea\u00f0 heyrir meira a\u00f0 segja til lagalegrar st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra a\u00f0 \u00feeir skuli hreint ekki bera sl\u00edka \u00e1byrg\u00f0. Forsendan fyrir \u00fev\u00ed fyrirkomulagi er vitaskuld s\u00fa, sem kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00e1 um \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni, a\u00f0 d\u00f3mendur skuli \u00ed emb\u00e6ttisverkum s\u00ednum fara einungis eftir l\u00f6gunum. Ef \u00feeir hef\u00f0u heimild til a\u00f0 taka \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 einhverju \u00f6\u00f0ru, \u00feyrftu au\u00f0vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 fylgja reglur um l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n
Kenningar um a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafi heimildir til lagasetningar eru meira a\u00f0 segja bo\u00f0a\u00f0ar af fr\u00e6\u00f0im\u00f6nnum, auk d\u00f3maranna sem misnota vald sitt \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt. Sigur\u00f0ur L\u00edndal, pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem m.a. kenndi laganemum a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, skrifa\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis \u00ed grein sem hann birti \u00ed 4. hefti T\u00edmarits l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga 1995, bls. 292-300:<\/p>\n
\u201eVi\u00f0urkennt er a\u00f0 d\u00f3msvaldi\u00f0 eigi a\u00f0 vera sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt og \u00fev\u00ed mega d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar aldrei ver\u00f0a amb\u00e1tt l\u00f6ggjafans. En \u00feetta hefur enga merkingu nema d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafi sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ar valdheimildir nokkurn veginn til jafns vi\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafann til a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta reglur sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt e\u00f0a a\u00f0 minnsta kosti til a\u00f0halds og m\u00f3tv\u00e6gis.\u201c<\/p>\n
\u00cd b\u00f3k minni \u201e\u00cd krafti sannf\u00e6ringar\u201c, sem \u00fat kom \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2014, segi \u00e9g fr\u00e1 deilu sem \u00e9g \u00e1tti \u00ed vi\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessorinn um \u00feetta efni, sj\u00e1 einkum bls. 126-138 \u00ed b\u00f3kinni. Kenningar hans eru og voru a\u00f0 m\u00ednum d\u00f3mi ekkert minna en f\u00e1sinna.<\/p>\n
Svo komst \u00e9g a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vestur \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum v\u00e6ru uppi l\u00edflegar deilur um samb\u00e6rilegt efni sem var\u00f0a\u00f0i valdsvi\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3la og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar, sem a\u00f0allega f\u00e6st vi\u00f0 sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 bandar\u00edsku mannr\u00e9ttindaskr\u00e1nni, \u201eBill of Rights\u201c, en hana er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed vi\u00f0aukum vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na fr\u00e1 1791. \u00dear \u00e1tti s\u00e6ti hinn merki d\u00f3mari Antonin Scalia sem l\u00e9t a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i d\u00f3mst\u00f3la mj\u00f6g til s\u00edn taka, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed d\u00f3msatkv\u00e6\u00f0um, b\u00f3kum og fyrirlestrum. \u00c9g s\u00e1 ekki betur en hann a\u00f0hylltist \u00f6ll hin s\u00f6mu vi\u00f0horf og \u00e9g \u00ed \u00feessum efnum, svo \u00e9g skrifa\u00f0ist \u00e1 vi\u00f0 hann \u00fear sem vi\u00f0 skiptumst \u00e1 sko\u00f0unum um \u00feetta. Scalia kom s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed heims\u00f3kn til \u00cdslands \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2008 og flutti h\u00e9r fyrirlestur.[1]<\/p>\n
Viki\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 d\u00e6mum um athafnasemi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00cdslands vi\u00f0 tilb\u00faning n\u00fdrra laga s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed \u00feessari grein.<\/p>\n
\u00deegar huga\u00f0 er a\u00f0 valdm\u00f6rkum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lanna er nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 tilteknar forsendur fyrir starfi \u00feeirra sem \u00e9g hef skrifa\u00f0 um og setja valdi \u00feeirra takm\u00f6rk.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g hef haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00farlausn \u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu \u00e1litam\u00e1li ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 einungis ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt og verkefni\u00f0 l\u00fati a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 finna hana. Hlutverk d\u00f3mst\u00f3la s\u00e9 \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 leita uppi r\u00e9ttarheimildina sem vi\u00f0 eigi en ekki a\u00f0 setja n\u00fdja lagareglu. Nau\u00f0synlegt er a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a ofurl\u00edti\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r kenningar sem fram hafa komi\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i og ganga \u00ed a\u00f0ra \u00e1tt. Sl\u00edkar kenningar hafa a\u00f0 m\u00ednu haft ska\u00f0leg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lastarfi\u00f0 og traust almennings til d\u00f3mskerfisins.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u00edslenskri l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem og \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i annarra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a sem okkur eru skyldar, er uppi kenning um a\u00f0 til s\u00e9u fleiri en ein, jafnvel margar, mismunandi en jafnr\u00e9ttar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00ed sama l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00farlausnarefninu. Er \u00fe\u00e1 kennt, a\u00f0 oft eigi d\u00f3mari val um r\u00e9ttarheimildir, sem beita megi \u00ed tilvikinu og jafnframt, a\u00f0 hlutverk d\u00f3mst\u00f3la s\u00e9 ekki bara a\u00f0 finna gildandi r\u00e9ttarreglur, heldur einnig a\u00f0 setja n\u00fdjar. \u00deessu er \u00e9g \u00f3samm\u00e1la. \u00c9g tel reyndar kenninguna beinl\u00ednis h\u00e6ttulega, \u00fear sem h\u00fan er til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a lei\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, \u00fe.m.t. d\u00f3mara, a\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um, sem r\u00e1\u00f0ast af vildarsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um \u00feeirra, fremur en hlutlausri beitingu r\u00e9ttarreglna. Lj\u00f3st m\u00e1 vera, a\u00f0 \u00feeir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar sem telja d\u00f3mst\u00f3la hafa heimild til a\u00f0 setja n\u00fdjar lagareglur hlj\u00f3ta a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta uppi \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 fleiri en ein mismunandi ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed \u00farlausnarefni sem vi\u00f0 er fengist hverju sinni. Ver\u00f0ur ekki betur s\u00e9\u00f0 en a\u00f0 s\u00fa kenning s\u00e9 nau\u00f0synleg forsenda fyrir \u00feeim kenningum um lagasetningarvaldi\u00f0 sem \u00feeir segjast fylgja.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g segi a\u00f0 starf d\u00f3mara vi\u00f0 \u00farlausn \u00e1 r\u00e9ttar\u00e1greiningi hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 beinast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leita uppi r\u00e9ttarheimildina sem vi\u00f0 \u00e1 og beita henni, en ekki a\u00f0 b\u00faa n\u00fdja til. D\u00f3mst\u00f3lar setja ekki l\u00f6g, sbr. \u00fea\u00f0 sem um \u00feetta sag\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur. Menn ver\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00feetta starf a\u00f0 ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 einungis ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt. M\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00faist um a\u00f0 finna hana. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir au\u00f0vita\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 hin r\u00e9tta ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a s\u00e9 alltaf auglj\u00f3s e\u00f0a blasi vi\u00f0. H\u00fan kann a\u00f0 vera torfundin og menn kann meira a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 greina \u00e1 um hver h\u00fan s\u00e9, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 allir s\u00e9u eftir bestu vitund a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 finna hana. Allar mannlegar hugsanir eru h\u00e1\u00f0ar alls konar takm\u00f6rkunum, en meginvi\u00f0horfi\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 vera kl\u00e1rt. M\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00fdst um leit a\u00f0 \u00feeirri r\u00e9ttarheimild sem beita beri og \u00fear me\u00f0 a\u00f0 hinni einu r\u00e9ttu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g tel a\u00f0 grundvallarhugmyndin um r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki\u00f0 krefjist \u00feess, a\u00f0 menn n\u00e1lgist \u00farlausnir s\u00ednar \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt. \u00dear er meginkrafa um a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0a manna skuli r\u00e1\u00f0ast af fyrirfram birtum almennum lagareglum, sem fari ekki \u00ed manngreinar\u00e1lit og gildi jafnt fyrir alla. \u00deessi krafa birtist berum or\u00f0um \u00ed 61. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar, \u00fear sem segir a\u00f0 d\u00f3mendur skuli \u00ed emb\u00e6ttisverkum s\u00ednum fara einungis eftir l\u00f6gunum. Fallist menn \u00e1, a\u00f0 til s\u00e9u fleiri en ein mismunandi en jafnr\u00e9ttar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00ed einu og sama \u00e1litaefninu, hafa \u00feeir sagt skili\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feessa meginkr\u00f6fu r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkisins, \u00fev\u00ed \u00feeir hafa \u00fe\u00e1 sam\u00feykkt a\u00f0 ekkert s\u00e9 athugavert vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma tv\u00f6 samb\u00e6rileg m\u00e1l \u00e1 tvo mismunandi vegu. R\u00e9tturinn er \u00fe\u00e1 ekki lengur einn. \u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edka forsenda fyrir starfsemi r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkisins, a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarreglan, sem vi\u00f0 \u00e1, s\u00e9 \u00feegar til, \u00feegar \u00feau atvik ver\u00f0a sem skera \u00fearf \u00far um. \u00dea\u00f0 getur aldrei gengi\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0in til a\u00f0 skera \u00far \u00e1greiningsm\u00e1lum felist \u00ed a\u00f0 v\u00edsa \u00feeim til a\u00f0ila, sem \u00ed tilefni \u00e1greiningsins f\u00e6r heimild til a\u00f0 setja n\u00fdja reglu. Henni ver\u00f0i svo beitt me\u00f0 afturvirkum h\u00e6tti til a\u00f0 leysa \u00far honum. Me\u00f0al annars af \u00feessari \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u er ekki unnt a\u00f0 fallast \u00e1 kenningar um a\u00f0 hlutverk d\u00f3mst\u00f3lanna s\u00e9 a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta n\u00fdjar r\u00e9ttarreglur. Hlutverk \u00feeirra hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 vera bundi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f6stu, hva\u00f0a reglur hafi gilt \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma sem atvik ur\u00f0u.<\/p>\n
Hugsum okkur l\u00edka, a\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafinn hafi fyrir vang\u00e1 sett tv\u00e6r \u00f3samr\u00fdmanlegar lagareglur um sama r\u00e9ttaratri\u00f0i\u00f0. Varla greinir menn \u00e1 um a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 skuli a\u00f0eins \u00f6nnur reglan gilda; e\u00f0a hva\u00f0? \u00cd l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i er fjalla\u00f0 um a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a hvor \u00fea\u00f0 skuli vera. T.d. er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 yngri l\u00f6g skuli ganga fyrir eldri. Fyrir \u00fev\u00ed eru auglj\u00f3sar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur. \u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00e9rlaga eru oft talin gilda framar \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um almennra laga. L\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar kannast vi\u00f0 \u00feessar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir. Hvers vegna \u00e6tli ekki s\u00e9 tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ar hinar \u00f3samr\u00fdmanlegu lagareglur skuli gilda og d\u00f3mari skuli \u00fe\u00e1 einfaldlega eiga val um hvorri hann beitir \u00e1 \u00farlausnarefni sitt? \u00dea\u00f0 er vegna kr\u00f6funnar, sem \u00e9g nefndi, um a\u00f0 r\u00e9tturinn skuli vera einn, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0 ein og sama reglan skuli gilda um samb\u00e6rileg \u00farlausnarefni. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0 smi\u00f0ir kenninganna um val d\u00f3mara \u00e1 r\u00e9ttarheimildum geri l\u00edklega ekki \u00e1greining um \u00feetta, er eins og \u00feeir telji a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 anna\u00f0 skuli gilda, \u00feegar um a\u00f0rar r\u00e9ttarheimildir en sett l\u00f6g r\u00e6\u00f0ir. \u00de\u00e1 s\u00e9 \u00ed lagi a\u00f0 telja tv\u00e6r \u00f3samr\u00fdmanlegar reglur jafngildar. M\u00e9r finnst \u00feetta n\u00e1lgast a\u00f0 geta talist hrein fjarst\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/p>\n
Auk alls \u00feessa er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 nefna a\u00f0 d\u00f3marar, sem starfa \u00ed \u00feeirri r\u00e9ttarskipan sem r\u00edkir h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, s\u00e6kja allar valdheimildir s\u00ednar a\u00f0eins til hinna settu laga. \u00deeir hafa ekki beint umbo\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni, eins og d\u00f3marar \u00ed sumum \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00edkjum. \u00cd 2. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar er r\u00edkisvaldi s\u00e9rstaklega skipt \u00e1 milli handhafa \u00feess. \u00dear kemur m.a. fram, a\u00f0 Al\u00feingi og forseti \u00cdslands skuli fara saman me\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafarvaldi\u00f0 og a\u00f0 d\u00f3mendur skuli fara me\u00f0 d\u00f3msvaldi\u00f0. \u00ddmis \u00f6nnur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar fjalla n\u00e1nar um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00feessara vald\u00fe\u00e1tta. Hvergi er \u00fear a\u00f0 finna heimild til d\u00f3mst\u00f3la til a\u00f0 fara me\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafarvald. \u00dea\u00f0 f\u00e6r ekki sta\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00e1 grunnhugsun sem \u00edslensk r\u00e9ttarskipan hv\u00edlir \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti, a\u00f0 d\u00f3marar teljist hafa vald til a\u00f0 setja l\u00f6g. D\u00f3mari, sem einungis s\u00e6kir vald sitt til settra laga, getur ekki talist hafa vald til a\u00f0 breyta gildandi lagareglum e\u00f0a setja n\u00fdjar.<\/p>\n
Lesandinn \u00e6tti l\u00edka a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a hugann a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kenningin um fleiri en eina r\u00e9tta ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u er til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 pers\u00f3nulegar sko\u00f0anir d\u00f3marans geti r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00farslitum m\u00e1la og ekkert s\u00e9 athugavert vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0. \u00cd reynd byggja margir d\u00f3marar hugmyndir s\u00ednar um lagasetningarvald d\u00f3mst\u00f3la \u00e1 \u00feessum kenningum um a\u00f0 fleiri en ein, jafnvel margar, ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00e9u jafnr\u00e9ttar vi\u00f0 \u00farlausnir \u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum \u00farlausnarefnum. \u00deetta veiti \u00feeim heimild til a\u00f0 velja eina og gefa henni gildi sem r\u00e9ttarheimild \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 afsta\u00f0a \u00feeirra r\u00e1\u00f0ist \u00ed reynd af hugl\u00e6gum vildarsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um. Allir \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessi \u201ehugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i\u201c stenst ekki.<\/p>\n
M\u00e9r er n\u00e6r a\u00f0 halda, a\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00f6gfr\u00f3\u00f0ir menn eigi erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilja kenningar af \u00fev\u00ed tagi sem \u00e9g hef h\u00e9r gagnr\u00fdnt. \u00deeir tala um a\u00f0 leita r\u00e9ttar s\u00edns telji \u00feeir \u00e1 honum broti\u00f0. Varla finna menn til mikils r\u00e9ttar\u00f6ryggis \u00ed kerfi, \u00fear sem mismunandi ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur eru taldar jafnr\u00e9ttar. M\u00e1lsmetandi l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar halda \u00feessum kenningum fram opinberlega og merki \u00feeirra vir\u00f0ast svo sannarlega sj\u00e1st \u00ed framkv\u00e6md. Kenningarnar stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttar\u00f3vissu. D\u00f3mar um samb\u00e6rileg \u00farlausnarefni ganga stundum \u00e1 misv\u00edxl. D\u00f3mar ganga jafnvel, \u00fear sem sk\u00fdrum lagatextum er viki\u00f0 til hli\u00f0ar \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e9 fundin vi\u00f0hl\u00edtandi sto\u00f0 a\u00f0 a\u00f0rar helgari r\u00e9ttarheimildir \u00fatheimti sl\u00edkt. Og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingast\u00e9ttin \u00ed landinu l\u00e6tur m\u00f6nnum \u00ed t\u00e9 svonefnd l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00e1lit, \u00fear sem unnt vir\u00f0ist vera a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 n\u00e1nast hverri \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u sem menn vilja. Spyrja m\u00e1 hvers vir\u00f0i l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00e1lit s\u00e9 fr\u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingi, sem segist geta komist a\u00f0 tveimur e\u00f0a fleiri jafng\u00f3\u00f0um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00c1 hverju er hann a\u00f0 gefa \u00e1lit? Er hann bara a\u00f0 nefna til s\u00f6gunnar einn m\u00f6guleika af m\u00f6rgum jafng\u00f3\u00f0um? Hva\u00f0 er l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00e1lit? Er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki forsp\u00e1 um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u d\u00f3mst\u00f3la ef \u00e1litaefni\u00f0 yr\u00f0i undir \u00fe\u00e1 bori\u00f0? Hvernig getur ma\u00f0ur sem telur fleiri en eina ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u jafnr\u00e9tta gefi\u00f0 sl\u00edka forsp\u00e1? L\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar sem a\u00f0hyllast svona kenningar eru \u00ed raun og veru a\u00f0 grafa undan eigin fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00feeirra \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum efnum eru ekki mikils vir\u00f0i.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edka erfitt a\u00f0 vera starfandi l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00feessu umhverfi og eiga m.a. a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0leggja m\u00f6nnum hven\u00e6r efni standi til m\u00e1lsh\u00f6f\u00f0unar. \u00c9g r\u00e9\u00f0i eitt sinn umbj\u00f3\u00f0anda m\u00ednum a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a me\u00f0 m\u00e1lss\u00f3kn \u00fear til d\u00f3mur fengist \u00ed m\u00e1li sem til me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar var fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum um hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt efni. \u00c9g vildi reyna a\u00f0 spara honum m\u00e1ls\u00f3knina, ef sj\u00e1 m\u00e6tti fyrir a\u00f0 h\u00fan v\u00e6ri vonlaus. \u00deegar d\u00f3murinn, sem vi\u00f0 bi\u00f0um eftir, var genginn \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tti, r\u00e1\u00f0lag\u00f0i \u00e9g manninum a\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0a m\u00e1l, \u00fear sem n\u00fa v\u00e6ri fengi\u00f0 ford\u00e6mi sem \u00e6tti vi\u00f0 hann.<\/p>\n
Ford\u00e6mi\u00f0 taldi \u00e9g felast \u00ed H. 15\/1996. M\u00e1li\u00f0 snerist um t\u00falkun \u00e1 svonefndri tveggja \u00e1ra reglu \u00ed 2. mgr. 97. gr. laga nr. 75\/1981 um tekjuskatt og eignaskatt \u00ed tilviki, \u00fear sem gjaldf\u00e6r\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 eftirlaunaskuldbinding \u00ed \u00e1rsreikningi fyrirt\u00e6kis, en sl\u00edk skuldbinding haf\u00f0i \u00ed d\u00f3mum ekki veri\u00f0 talin til fr\u00e1dr\u00e1ttarb\u00e6rra gjalda \u00ed rekstri. \u00cd d\u00f3minum var tali\u00f0, a\u00f0 tveggja \u00e1ra reglan \u00e6tti vi\u00f0 sl\u00edkt tilvik og skatti yr\u00f0i ekki breytt lengra aftur \u00ed t\u00edmann en tv\u00f6 \u00e1r.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 grundvelli \u00feessa ford\u00e6mis taldi \u00e9g manninum \u00f3h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 bera sitt m\u00e1l undir d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. Hann hlyti a\u00f0 n\u00e1 kr\u00f6fu sinni fram. M\u00e1li\u00f0 var h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0, en n\u00fa var\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tti um \u00feetta r\u00e9ttaratri\u00f0i \u00f6ndver\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem veri\u00f0 haf\u00f0i \u00ed fyrra m\u00e1linu. Sj\u00e1 H. 52\/1997. \u00c9g veit ekki enn hva\u00f0a mismunur \u00ed m\u00e1lunum r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tti \u00feetta. Raunar kom svo s\u00ed\u00f0ar fram enn einn d\u00f3mur sem fylgir l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringu \u00feess fyrsta me\u00f0 glerf\u00ednum r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningi, sem allur hef\u00f0i l\u00edka \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1li umbj\u00f3\u00f0anda m\u00edns. Sj\u00e1 H. 85\/1998.<\/p>\n
M\u00e9r hefur s\u00fdnst a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fessor Sigur\u00f0ur L\u00edndal hafi, a.m.k. h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, veri\u00f0 a\u00f0altalsma\u00f0ur kenningarinnar um val \u00e1 r\u00e9ttarheimildum og lagasetningarvald d\u00f3mst\u00f3la og var a\u00f0 \u00feessu var viki\u00f0 framar \u00ed \u00feessari ritger\u00f0. En fleiri l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar en hann hafa tj\u00e1\u00f0 sig \u00ed \u00feessa \u00e1tt. Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson, n\u00fa d\u00f3mari vi\u00f0 Landsr\u00e9tt, skrifa\u00f0i grein \u00ed \u00dalflj\u00f3t 4. tbl. 1995, sem hann nefndi \u201eV\u00f6lundarh\u00fas hins j\u00farid\u00edska \u00feankagangs\u201c. Grein \u00feessi er a\u00f0 verulegu leyti tileinku\u00f0 m\u00e9r og nokkrum sko\u00f0unum m\u00ednum \u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum m\u00e1lefnum. Segir Dav\u00ed\u00f0 mig vera eins konar \u201ev\u00e9lhyggjumann\u201c \u00ed afst\u00f6\u00f0u minni til hinnar l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu a\u00f0fer\u00f0ar, m.a. vegna \u00feeirrar sko\u00f0unar minnar, a\u00f0 til s\u00e9 ein l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega r\u00e9tt ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00ed hverju m\u00e1li. \u00cd greininni segir m.a. svo:<\/p>\n
Og ennfremur:<\/p>\n
Af \u00feessum texta vir\u00f0ist mega r\u00e1\u00f0a a\u00f0 h\u00f6fundur telji meginreglurnar \u00ed a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0innar breytast eftir \u00fev\u00ed hve m\u00e1l s\u00e9u erfi\u00f0 vi\u00f0ureignar! \u00dea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i svo veri\u00f0 fr\u00f3\u00f0legt a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 heyra meira fr\u00e1 h\u00f6fundi um hva\u00f0a sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 eigi a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0uninni um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0una, \u00feegar unnt er a\u00f0 velja milli tveggja e\u00f0a fleiri t\u00e6kra ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0na, eins og hann kemst a\u00f0 or\u00f0i. Nokkra v\u00edsbendingu s\u00fdnist m\u00e9r a\u00f0 hafa um \u00feetta \u00ed framhaldi textans \u00ed greininni, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fear vir\u00f0ist h\u00f6fundurinn ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 me\u00f0al fleiri en einnar t\u00e6krar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00e9 ein alltaf best. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e9 bara svo erfitt a\u00f0 finna hana alltaf. Ekki er anna\u00f0 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 en h\u00f6fundur eigi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 \u00fe\u00e1 best \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum skilningi. S\u00e9 \u00feetta r\u00e9tt s\u00fdnist m\u00e9r h\u00f6fundur a\u00f0eins vilja segja: \u00cd l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum \u00farlausnarefnum er ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00e1vallt best. \u00cd erfi\u00f0um m\u00e1lum kunna a\u00f0 vera til fleiri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur sem telja megi t\u00e6kar. S\u00e9 \u00feetta r\u00e9ttur skilningur \u00e1 kenningum Dav\u00ed\u00f0s er ekki um neinn umtalsver\u00f0an \u00e1greining a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a milli okkar. Mun \u00e9g sk\u00fdra \u00feetta n\u00e1nar h\u00e9r nokkru s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n
\u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 h\u00e9r skj\u00f3ta inn, a\u00f0 \u00ed hinum tilvitnu\u00f0u or\u00f0um Dav\u00ed\u00f0s \u00de\u00f3rs Bj\u00f6rgvinssonar vir\u00f0ist hann telja a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 til \u201ea\u00f0 \u00f6llu leyti hlutlaus\u201c l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg a\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00c9g tel a\u00f0 gera ver\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 sl\u00edk a\u00f0fer\u00f0 s\u00e9 til, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 \u00f6rugglega oft erfi\u00f0 \u00ed me\u00f0f\u00f6rum! Hins vegar eru r\u00e9ttarheimildirnar sj\u00e1lfar ekki hlutlausar. Hvort sem r\u00e9ttarheimildin heitir sett l\u00f6g, e\u00f0li m\u00e1ls, meginreglur laga e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 anna\u00f0, felst \u00e1vallt \u00ed henni einhvers konar afsta\u00f0a til \u00feess m\u00e1lefnis sem um r\u00e6\u00f0ir. \u00deeirri afst\u00f6\u00f0u ber d\u00f3mara a\u00f0 fylgja fram, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 hann sj\u00e1lfur kunni a\u00f0 hafa a\u00f0ra. Ekki veit \u00e9g, hvort m\u00e9r leyfist a\u00f0 telja, a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 sem pr\u00f3fessorinn fyrrverandi vildi sagt hafa.<\/p>\n
N\u00fa skal Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson fyrrverandi lagapr\u00f3fessor nefndur til s\u00f6gunnar. \u00cd Afm\u00e6lisriti Dav\u00ed\u00f0s Oddssonar fimmtugs 17. jan\u00faar 1998 birtist grein eftir Eir\u00edk, sem hann nefnir \u201eD\u00f3mst\u00f3lar og almennings\u00e1liti\u00f0\u201c. \u00dear kemst hann m.a. svo a\u00f0 or\u00f0i, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00fatbreiddur misskilningur, a\u00f0 einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu s\u00e9 til ein r\u00e9tt lausn \u00e1 s\u00e9rhverju l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu \u00e1litam\u00e1li. Fjallar hann nokku\u00f0 um \u00feetta og tekur d\u00e6mi af d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar 9\/1993. \u00dear v\u00e9k H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur til hli\u00f0ar sk\u00fdrri lagareglu sem tekin haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 upp \u00ed 1. mgr. 115. gr. laga nr. 91\/1991 um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 einkam\u00e1la, en regla \u00feessi kva\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 ekki \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 flytja m\u00e1l munnlega \u00e1 n\u00fd, \u00fe\u00f3tt meira en fj\u00f3rar vikur v\u00e6ru li\u00f0nar fr\u00e1 m\u00e1lflutningi, \u00e1\u00f0ur en d\u00f3mur v\u00e6ri upp kve\u00f0inn, ef d\u00f3mari og a\u00f0ilar teldu \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3\u00fearft. Me\u00f0 d\u00f3mi s\u00ednum \u00f3merkti H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3m \u00fear sem svona st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir reglu laganna. Eir\u00edkur vir\u00f0ist telja a\u00f0 gild sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 hafi legi\u00f0 \u00feessari afgrei\u00f0slu H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar til grundvallar, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 einnig hef\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 r\u00e9tt s\u00fa ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a, a\u00f0 beita hinu setta laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i samkv\u00e6mt texta s\u00ednum og komast \u00fear me\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f6ndver\u00f0ri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u um efni m\u00e1lsins. \u00c9g er \u00f3samm\u00e1la Eir\u00edki um \u00feetta. \u00c9g tel a\u00f0 r\u00e9tturinn hafi ekki m\u00e1tt v\u00edkja laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu til hli\u00f0ar. Sl\u00edka heimild hafa d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar a\u00f0eins, a\u00f0 til sta\u00f0ar s\u00e9 r\u00edkari r\u00e9ttarheimild en sett l\u00f6g, \u00fe.e.a.s. stj\u00f3rnskipunarregla, sem lei\u00f0ir til sl\u00edkrar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. Raunar er \u00fe\u00e1 ekki um heimild a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, heldur skyldu.<\/p>\n
Pr\u00f3fessor Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson flutti erindi \u00e1 fundi, sem lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands h\u00e9lt \u00feann 7. n\u00f3vember 1998. N\u00fa var\u00f0 ekki betur s\u00e9\u00f0 en hann hef\u00f0i a\u00f0 nokkru leyti skipt um sko\u00f0un \u00e1 \u00feessu, e\u00f0a a.m.k. breytt \u00e1herslu sinni, \u00fev\u00ed hann tala\u00f0i n\u00fa um a\u00f0 ganga yr\u00f0i \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ein ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a v\u00e6ri r\u00e9ttust \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 til kynnu a\u00f0 vera fleiri sem talist g\u00e6tu l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega t\u00e6kar. \u00c9g skildi r\u00e6\u00f0umann \u00feannig, a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 tala um lausnir, sem hann \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r v\u00e6ri \u00f3samm\u00e1la en s\u00e6tti sig vi\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hann teldi, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 fengnar \u00e1 framb\u00e6rilegan h\u00e1tt. S\u00fdnist m\u00e9r Eir\u00edkur \u00fe\u00e1 vera me\u00f0 svipa\u00f0a mynd af \u00feessu og Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson, s\u00e9 tilg\u00e1ta m\u00edn a\u00f0 framan um \u00fea\u00f0 efni r\u00e9tt. Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta geri \u00e9g ekki miklar athugasemdir. Skal \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00fa sk\u00fdrt n\u00e1nar.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 lei\u00f0ir af sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r, a\u00f0 erfitt getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 fl\u00f3kin l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg \u00farlausnarefni. \u00dearf \u00fe\u00e1 einatt a\u00f0 feta sig \u00ed gegnum heilmiki\u00f0 efni, \u00fear sem \u00fdmist \u00fearf a\u00f0 leysa \u00far atri\u00f0um sem var\u00f0a s\u00f6nnun um atvik m\u00e1ls e\u00f0a beita r\u00e9ttarreglum \u00ed v\u00ed\u00f0um skilningi. \u00de\u00e1 kann oft a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a mj\u00f3tt \u00e1 munum vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a kostur telst bestur \u00fat fr\u00e1 a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0innar. Vi\u00f0fangsefni \u00feessi hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 fl\u00f3knari og erfi\u00f0ari me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum, m.a. vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hinn setti r\u00e9ttur teygir sig yfir fleiri svi\u00f0 en \u00e1\u00f0ur og geymir i\u00f0ulega opin \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00f3lj\u00f3s, sem erfitt kann a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 t\u00falka me\u00f0 \u00f3yggjandi h\u00e6tti. \u00dear kunna l\u00edka a\u00f0 vera \u201eey\u00f0ur\u201c, sem \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milegt er a\u00f0 fylla \u00ed. D\u00f3mari m\u00e1ls ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 lj\u00faka \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 d\u00f3mi. Hann getur ekki v\u00edsa\u00f0 verkefninu fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00e1 \u00feeirri forsendu a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 til lagaregla um \u00farlausnarefni\u00f0.<\/p>\n
R\u00e9ttarheimildafr\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0innar gengur l\u00edka \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0 heimildin s\u00e9 \u00e1vallt til, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 unnt a\u00f0 finna setta lagareglu sem vi\u00f0 eigi. \u00de\u00e1 er gripi\u00f0 til annarra \u201er\u00e9ttl\u00e6gri heimilda\u201c sem nefndar hafa veri\u00f0 meginreglur laga, e\u00f0li m\u00e1ls e\u00f0a jafnvel r\u00e9ttarvitund almennings, allt \u00fear til s\u00fa heimild finnst sem talin er eiga vi\u00f0. R\u00e9ttarheimildirnar eru t\u00e6mandi \u00ed \u00feessum skilningi.<\/p>\n
D\u00f3mari, sem f\u00e6st vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 leysa \u00far fl\u00f3knu d\u00f3msm\u00e1li, kemur i\u00f0ulega a\u00f0 eins konar vegam\u00f3tum og \u00fearf \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a \u00ed hvora \u00e1ttina skuli halda. Sko\u00f0un m\u00edn er s\u00fa, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 beri honum \u00e1vallt a\u00f0 velja \u00fe\u00e1 lei\u00f0 sem hann telur vera r\u00e9ttari \u00fat fr\u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i, \u00feegar \u00e1 allt er liti\u00f0 sem m\u00e1li skiptir. Hann m\u00e1 aldrei byggja afst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna \u00e1 neinu \u00f6\u00f0ru en \u00feessu. Verkefni hans er a\u00f0 beita reglum, en ekki a\u00f0 framfylgja hugl\u00e6gum stefnumi\u00f0um. Hann m\u00e1 ekki telja sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um, a\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00f3msvaldi hans felist vald til a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a \u00fat fr\u00e1 pers\u00f3nulegum sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um hva\u00f0a lei\u00f0 skuli fara. H\u00e9r getur \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 h\u00e6gara um a\u00f0 tala en \u00ed a\u00f0 komast, \u00fev\u00ed alls konar pers\u00f3nuleg sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 manna geta haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir \u00feeirra, jafnt \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i sem \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum svi\u00f0um.<\/p>\n
\u00d6ll r\u00e9ttarheimildafr\u00e6\u00f0i hl\u00fdtur hins vegar a\u00f0 hafa \u00fea\u00f0 markmi\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00fatr\u00fdma sl\u00edkum vi\u00f0horfum. Fr\u00e6\u00f0igreinin gengur hreinlega \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0 kenna, hva\u00f0a a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir s\u00e9u heimilar til a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00deetta er \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed framkv\u00e6md \u00feeirrar meginhugsunar, a\u00f0 fyrirfram birtar almennar reglur, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0ar ge\u00f0\u00fe\u00f3tta einstakra manna, skuli r\u00e1\u00f0a ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um. D\u00f3mar eigi ekki a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast af neinum pers\u00f3nulegum vi\u00f0horfum \u00feess e\u00f0a \u00feeirra d\u00f3mara sem um fjalla, heldur af almennum hlutlausum lagareglum, sem s\u00e9u hinar s\u00f6mu, \u00e1n tillits til \u00feess hva\u00f0a d\u00f3mari d\u00e6mir hverju sinni.<\/p>\n
Af \u00fev\u00ed sem h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 sagt er lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 menn kann oft a\u00f0 greina \u00e1 um hver hin r\u00e9tta l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega a\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u2013 og \u00fear me\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a – s\u00e9 \u00ed einst\u00f6ku tilfelli. Enginn ma\u00f0ur getur gengi\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir hans s\u00e9u jafnan \u00fe\u00e6r einu r\u00e9ttu. Allt orkar tv\u00edm\u00e6lis \u00fe\u00e1 gert er. Manni kann a\u00f0 skj\u00e1tlast, hversu mj\u00f6g sem hann hefur lagt sig fram vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna r\u00e9tta ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n
H\u00e9r erum vi\u00f0 komin a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e9g vil kalla framb\u00e6rilegan \u00e1greining um l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg m\u00e1lefni. Sl\u00edkur \u00e1greiningur er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00f3hj\u00e1kv\u00e6milegur og \u00ed honum felst tilefni flestra \u00e1greiningsm\u00e1la sem fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lana koma. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagi\u00f0 hefur af nau\u00f0syn komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r upp s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum valdastofnunum til a\u00f0 leysa \u00far sl\u00edkum \u00e1greiningi, \u00fe.e.a.s. d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum, en um lei\u00f0 teki\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 \u00feeir megi ekki vi\u00f0 anna\u00f0 sty\u00f0jast en l\u00f6gin \u00ed verkum s\u00ednum. Eftir a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi skori\u00f0 \u00far s\u00e9 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an fengin.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 valda nokkrum manni erfi\u00f0leikum a\u00f0 s\u00e6tta sig vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 hann kunni a\u00f0 vera henni \u00f3samm\u00e1la, ef h\u00fan er fundin me\u00f0 framb\u00e6rilegum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem s\u00fdnilega fela \u00ed s\u00e9r einl\u00e6ga vi\u00f0leitni d\u00f3mara til a\u00f0 beita r\u00e9ttarheimildum eftir bestu vitund. Og vegna kr\u00f6funnar um einingu r\u00e9ttarins gefum vi\u00f0 d\u00f3mum \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins, H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar, s\u00e9rstakt gildi sem vi\u00f0 k\u00f6llum ford\u00e6misgildi. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed felst fyrirheit um, a\u00f0 samb\u00e6rileg \u00farlausnarefni muni \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni f\u00e1 sams konar \u00farlausn, nema r\u00e9ttarheimildir hafi breyst \u00ed millit\u00ed\u00f0inni. Auglj\u00f3sa nau\u00f0syn ber l\u00edka til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00feeir d\u00f3mar H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar sem vi\u00f0 kunnum a\u00f0 telja a\u00f0 ekki uppfylli e\u00f0lilegar kr\u00f6fur um beitingu r\u00e9ttarheimilda, hafi l\u00edka \u00feetta gildi. Vi\u00f0 getum ekki flokka\u00f0 d\u00f3mana eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 okkur finnst um viti\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim. Allir hlj\u00f3ta \u00feeir a\u00f0 hafa gildi sem ford\u00e6mi.<\/p>\n
Ef til vill hafa \u00feessar kringumst\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed r\u00e9ttarkerfinu villt m\u00f6nnum s\u00fdn, \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00feeir eru farnir a\u00f0 tala um margar jafn r\u00e9ttar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur \u00ed sama l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00farlausnarefninu. Eftir a\u00f0 d\u00f3msm\u00e1li er loki\u00f0 og d\u00f3mur fallinn er nefnilega d\u00f3murinn \u201er\u00e9ttur\u201c \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi, a\u00f0 hann er s\u00fa \u00farlausn sem vi\u00f0eigandi valdastofnun hefur \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0. Skiptir \u00fe\u00e1 engu m\u00e1li, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an s\u00e9 bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f3framb\u00e6rilegum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um. D\u00f3murinn f\u00e6r r\u00e9ttar\u00e1hrif \u00ed samskiptum milli m\u00e1lsa\u00f0ilanna og raunar einnig \u00feau almennu ford\u00e6mis\u00e1hrif sem \u00e9g nefndi, s\u00e9 um h\u00e6star\u00e9ttard\u00f3m a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 h\u00e6tt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 skipta m\u00e1li hvernig ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an var fengin. \u00deessi formlega sta\u00f0a d\u00f3msins, eftir a\u00f0 hann hefur veri\u00f0 kve\u00f0inn upp, \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir ekki a\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 uppkva\u00f0ningu hans hafi d\u00f3mararnir haft frelsi til a\u00f0 velja \u00far m\u00f6rgum jafnr\u00e9ttum ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um. \u00de\u00e1 voru \u00feeir vitaskuld bundnir af \u00feeim a\u00f0fer\u00f0um l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0innar um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarheimilda sem \u00e9g hef l\u00fdst h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edka \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 nefna a\u00f0 d\u00f3marar sem segjast a\u00f0hyllast kenningar um fleiri en eina jafnr\u00e9tta ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u velja \u00e1vallt eina sem forsendu fyrir eigin d\u00f3msni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. Hvers vegna geta \u00feeir ekki um hinar sem s\u00e9u jafng\u00f3\u00f0ar og segja s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi vali\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 sem ver\u00f0ur ofan \u00e1? Er \u00feetta leyndarm\u00e1l sem ekki m\u00e1 segja hreinskilnislega fr\u00e1? E\u00f0a er \u00feetta \u00ed reynd v\u00edsbending a\u00f0 \u00feeir telji \u00fe\u00e1 sem \u00feeir beita \u00fe\u00e1 einu r\u00e9ttu?<\/p>\n
Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an af \u00feessum huglei\u00f0ingum er s\u00fa, a\u00f0 l\u00edklega s\u00e9 ekki mikill munur \u00e1 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um m\u00ednum um \u00feessi efni og sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inganna Dav\u00ed\u00f0s \u00de\u00f3rs Bj\u00f6rgvinssonar og Eir\u00edks T\u00f3massonar. \u00deeir tala um a\u00f0 til kunni a\u00f0 vera fleiri en ein l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega t\u00e6k ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00ed einu og sama m\u00e1linu \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00feeir vir\u00f0ist telja eina l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega r\u00e9ttari en hinar. Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta geri \u00e9g ekki athugasemd. M\u00e9r s\u00fdnist a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0imennirnir hafi m\u00e1tt g\u00e6ta betur a\u00f0 or\u00f0um s\u00ednum, \u00feegar \u00feeir hafa sagt, a\u00f0 til s\u00e9u fleiri en ein l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega jafnr\u00e9tt ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00ed einu og sama \u00farlausnarefninu.[3]<\/p>\n
\u00deess m\u00e1 geta a\u00f0 m\u00e1lflutningur minn um hina einu r\u00e9ttu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, sem h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0 grein fyrir, hefur kalla\u00f0 fram eins konar h\u00e1\u00f0sgl\u00f3sur um a\u00f0 \u00e9g s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 sem menn kalla \u201ebesservisser\u201c \u00fev\u00ed \u00e9g telji mig alltaf vita hver s\u00e9 hin r\u00e9tta ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a. \u00deetta er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i rangt og \u00f3sanngjarnt eins og allir geta s\u00e9\u00f0 af greinarger\u00f0inni h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan.<\/p>\n
Ekki \u00feori \u00e9g a\u00f0 fullyr\u00f0a a\u00f0 sk\u00fdringar m\u00ednar og r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur um \u00feau efni sem \u00e9g hef n\u00fa r\u00e6tt um, hafi haft \u00feau \u00e1hrif sem ver\u00f0ugt v\u00e6ri. Kannski er \u00fea\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem hefur veri\u00f0 fengi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagslegt vald til a\u00f0 taka \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir um m\u00e1lefni annarra, \u00ed \u00feessu tilviki menn me\u00f0 d\u00f3msvald, hafa oft r\u00edka tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta valdi\u00f0 til s\u00edn taka og beita \u00fev\u00ed eftir eigin vildarsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um. \u00dea\u00f0 er eins og valdi\u00f0 spilli.<\/p>\n
Allir \u00feeir sem skipa\u00f0ir eru til a\u00f0 gegna valdast\u00f6\u00f0um \u00e6ttu, \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00feeir taka til starfa, a\u00f0 leggja vandlega ni\u00f0ur fyrir s\u00e9r hvar m\u00f6rkin fyrir valdi \u00feeirra liggja. \u00deeir \u00e6ttu s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 heita sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a \u00feau m\u00f6rk. Kannski er \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmesta verkskyldan a\u00f0 \u00feekkja valdm\u00f6rk s\u00edn og vir\u00f0a \u00feau. \u00dev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur vir\u00f0ist tilhneigingin oft ver\u00f0a frekar s\u00fa hj\u00e1 \u00feeim sem taka vi\u00f0 valdast\u00f6\u00f0um a\u00f0 gaumg\u00e6fa hva\u00f0 \u00feeir g\u00e6tu komist upp me\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera. D\u00f3marar st\u00edga \u00fat fyrir valdm\u00f6rk s\u00edn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir um hluti sem \u00e1 alls ekki undir \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a. Og \u00fe\u00e1 er hagkv\u00e6mt a\u00f0 halda fram kenningum um margar jafnr\u00e9ttar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur og um lagasetningarvald d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. Litlu vir\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00e1 skipta \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 blasi a\u00f0 \u00fear hafa \u00feeir stigi\u00f0 \u00fat fyrir valdm\u00f6rkin og broti\u00f0 gegn \u00feeim grunnreglum um skiptingu valdsins sem stj\u00f3rnskipun okkar m\u00e6lir fyrir um.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g hef \u00ed skrifum m\u00ednum nefnt fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hadi fari\u00f0 \u00fat fyrir valdm\u00f6rk s\u00edn og leyst \u00far m\u00e1lum \u00e1 grundvelli \u00f3l\u00f6gfestra sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a og \u00feannig \u00ed reynd sett n\u00fdja reglu og d\u00e6mt eftir henni. H\u00e9r mun \u00e9g l\u00e1ta vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sitja a\u00f0 nefna d\u00e6mi sem kannski m\u00e1 nefna \u00fea\u00f0 gr\u00f3fasta af \u00feessu tagi, en \u00fea\u00f0 eru d\u00f3mar H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum \u00ed m\u00e1l\u00e6um sem snerta umbo\u00f0ssvik.<\/p>\n
\u00c9g hef nokkrum sinnum gert \u00feessa d\u00f3ma og gagnr\u00fdnt \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fat fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um m\u00ednum um skyldu d\u00f3mst\u00f3la til a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma eftir l\u00f6gum og \u00fe\u00e1 ekki s\u00edst \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum, sbr. g\u00e1tlistann sem ver\u00f0ur viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00e6sta kafla. M\u00e1lum er nefnilega svo h\u00e1tta\u00f0 a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hefur \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum misserum d\u00e6mt \u00ed allm\u00f6rgum sakam\u00e1lum, \u00fear sem sakfellt hefur veri\u00f0 fyrir brot gegn 249. gr. almennra hegningarlaga (umbo\u00f0ssvik). Hafa \u00feessi m\u00e1l veri\u00f0 nefnd \u201eeftirhrunsm\u00e1l\u201c og hafa sakborningar \u00ed \u00feeim flestum veri\u00f0 fyrrverandi stj\u00f3rnendur \u00edslensku bankanna sem f\u00e9llu vi\u00f0 \u201ehruni\u00f0\u201c \u00e1ri\u00f0 2008.<\/p>\n
\u00cd b\u00f3k minni \u201eMe\u00f0 logni\u00f0 \u00ed fangi\u00f0\u201c[4] er fjalla\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00e1 d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar sem birtist \u00ed \u00feessum d\u00f3mum og h\u00fan gagnr\u00fdnd. \u00dear er teki\u00f0 d\u00e6mi af H. 256\/2014, sj\u00e1 bls. 218 og \u00e1fram \u00ed b\u00f3kinni. H\u00e9r skal ger\u00f0 grein fyrir sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um sem \u00feessu vi\u00f0koma.<\/p>\n
\u00cd VI. kafla stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um mannr\u00e9ttindi. \u00dear er me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 finna 69. gr., \u00fear sem kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 engum ver\u00f0i gert a\u00f0 s\u00e6ta refsingu nema hann hafi gerst sekur um h\u00e1ttsemi sem hafi veri\u00f0 refsiver\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt l\u00f6gum \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma \u00feegar h\u00fan \u00e1tti s\u00e9r sta\u00f0 e\u00f0a megi fullkomlega jafna til sl\u00edkrar h\u00e1ttsemi (fullkomin l\u00f6gj\u00f6fnun).[5]\u00cd 70. gr. er s\u00ed\u00f0an me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 finna \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um r\u00e9ttl\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mi og um a\u00f0 hver s\u00e1 sem borinn s\u00e9 s\u00f6kum um refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi skuli talinn saklaus \u00fear til sekt hans hafi veri\u00f0 s\u00f6nnu\u00f0.<\/p>\n
\u00cd settum l\u00f6gum er v\u00ed\u00f0a a\u00f0 finna \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um heimildir til refsinga vegna brota \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi l\u00f6gum (s\u00e9rrefsil\u00f6g). Lang\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarmestu \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in um heimild handhafa r\u00edkisvalds til a\u00f0 refsa borgurum er samt a\u00f0 finna \u00ed almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum nr. 19 fr\u00e1 1940. \u00cd \u00feeim er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg almenn atri\u00f0i sem snerta me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la, almenn refsiskilyr\u00f0i og \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um refsingar, auk \u00feess sem refsiver\u00f0um brotum er skipt upp \u00ed kafla, \u00fear sem settar eru \u00ed l\u00f6gin l\u00fdsingar \u00e1 hverju og einu \u00feeirra. \u00cd 18. gr. laganna er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 verkna\u00f0ur, sem refsing s\u00e9 l\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gunum, s\u00e9 ekki sakn\u00e6mur, nema hann s\u00e9 unninn af \u00e1setningi e\u00f0a g\u00e1leysi. Fyrir g\u00e1leysisbrot skuli \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins refsa, a\u00f0 s\u00e9rst\u00f6k heimild s\u00e9 til \u00feess \u00ed l\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n
XXVI. kafli almennra hegningarlaga ber yfirskriftina \u201eAu\u00f0gunarbrot\u201c. \u00dear er a\u00f0 finna laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem gera refsivert a\u00f0 hafa me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tum h\u00e6tti f\u00e9 af einum manni til fj\u00e1rvinnings (au\u00f0gunar) fyrir brotamann e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra. Me\u00f0al brota kaflans eru \u00fej\u00f3fna\u00f0ur, gripdeild, fj\u00e1rdr\u00e1ttur, fj\u00e1rsvik og umbo\u00f0ssvik, svo helstu d\u00e6min s\u00e9u talin. \u00cd upphafi \u00feessa kafla (243. gr.) er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 fyrir brot \u00feau sem getur \u00ed kaflanum, skuli \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins refsa, a\u00f0 \u00feau hafi veri\u00f0 framin \u201e\u00ed au\u00f0gunarskyni\u201c. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki miklum vandkv\u00e6\u00f0um bundi\u00f0 a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00feetta or\u00f0. Til \u00feess a\u00f0 brot geti talist hafa veri\u00f0 frami\u00f0 \u00ed au\u00f0gunarskyni \u00fearf tilgangur brotamanns me\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi sinni a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa f\u00e9 af brota\u00feola sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum til au\u00f0gunar. Auglj\u00f3st er a\u00f0 \u00feetta \u00fearf a\u00f0 hafa beinl\u00ednis vaka\u00f0 fyrir brotamanni. A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum kosti getur brot ekki talist frami\u00f0 \u00ed au\u00f0gunarskyni. Ekki dugar a\u00f0 \u00feessi \u00e1hrif hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 af h\u00e1ttsemi brotamanns fyrir slysni e\u00f0a \u00f3heppni og \u00fe\u00e1 heldur ekki \u00feegar h\u00e6tta \u00e1 tilflutningi ver\u00f0m\u00e6ta getur talist hafa falist \u00ed h\u00e1ttsemi hans. Tilgangur hans me\u00f0 h\u00e1ttseminni \u00fearf a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 s\u00e1 a\u00f0 au\u00f0ga sj\u00e1lfan sig e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 brota\u00feola.[6]<\/p>\n
Eins og fyrr segir heyrir \u00fea\u00f0 til mannr\u00e9ttinda a\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum s\u00e9 ekki refsa\u00f0 fyrir annars konar h\u00e1ttsemi en \u00fe\u00e1 sem refsiver\u00f0 var samkv\u00e6mt settum l\u00f6gum \u00e1 verkna\u00f0arstund. \u00deetta hv\u00edlir einkum \u00e1 \u00feeirri hugsun a\u00f0 borgarar skuli nj\u00f3ta r\u00e9ttar til a\u00f0 geta vita\u00f0 fyrirfram hvort tiltekin h\u00e1ttsemi \u00feeirra brj\u00f3ti me\u00f0 refsiver\u00f0um h\u00e6tti gegn l\u00f6gum. Er \u00fe\u00e1 stundum tala\u00f0 um fyrirsj\u00e1anleika refsin\u00e6mis verkna\u00f0ar og sk\u00fdrleika refsiheimilda, svo fagurlega sem \u00feetta er or\u00f0a\u00f0.<\/p>\n
H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur \u00cdslands hefur, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i, s\u00ed\u00f0ustu misseri kve\u00f0i\u00f0 upp allmarga d\u00f3ma, \u00fear sem fyrirsvarsmenn banka hafa veri\u00f0 sakfelldir fyrir umbo\u00f0ssvik og eiga brotin \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 framin \u00ed a\u00f0draganda \u00feess a\u00f0 bankarnir ur\u00f0u gjald\u00ferota \u00ed byrjun okt\u00f3berm\u00e1na\u00f0ar \u00e1ri\u00f0 2008. \u00c9g hef gagnr\u00fdnt marga \u00feessara d\u00f3ma og tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 ekki hafi veri\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gt \u00fev\u00ed skilyr\u00f0i a\u00f0 brotin teljist hafa veri\u00f0 framin \u00ed \u201eau\u00f0gunarskyni\u201c. Kemur beinl\u00ednis fram \u00ed forsendum d\u00f3manna a\u00f0 byggt s\u00e9 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sakborningarnir hafi me\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi sinni valdi\u00f0 verulegri h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 fj\u00e1rtj\u00f3ni banka. Hefur \u00feetta veri\u00f0 tali\u00f0 n\u00e6gja til a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja lagaskilyr\u00f0inu um a\u00f0 brot \u00feurfi a\u00f0 teljast hafa veri\u00f0 frami\u00f0 \u00ed au\u00f0gunarskyni.[7]H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur fari\u00f0 nokkrum or\u00f0um um \u00feetta me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til \u00feeirra almennu atri\u00f0a sem nefnd hafa veri\u00f0 h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan.<\/p>\n
M\u00e9r \u00feykir lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hafi \u00ed flestum \u00feessara d\u00f3ma hreinlega viki\u00f0 til hli\u00f0ar umr\u00e6ddu skilyr\u00f0i 243. gr. alm. hgl. og \u00ed \u00feess sta\u00f0 byggt d\u00f3ma s\u00edna \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 veruleg \u00e1h\u00e6tta \u00e1 fj\u00e1rtj\u00f3ni banka hafi falist \u00ed meintu broti. \u00cd \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu felst samkv\u00e6mt einf\u00f6ldum texta \u00feess, a\u00f0 tilgangur brotamanns \u00fearf a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 s\u00e1 a\u00f0 au\u00f0ga sj\u00e1lfan sig e\u00f0a annan mann me\u00f0 brotinu og \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 umbj\u00f3\u00f0anda s\u00edns. Af d\u00f3munum sem tengdust hruninu held \u00e9g a\u00f0 skilyr\u00f0inu kunni a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gt \u00ed H 442\/2011 (Exeter), enda \u00e1tti annar hinna \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00fear pers\u00f3nulegra hagsmuna a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta, sem tengdust \u00feeim f\u00e9l\u00f6gum sem um r\u00e6ddi \u00ed m\u00e1linu og \u201eau\u00f0ga\u00f0ist\u201c v\u00e6ntanlega vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann ger\u00f0i. \u00c9g hef ekki komi\u00f0 auga \u00e1 a\u00f0ra d\u00f3ma \u00ed \u00feessum h\u00f3pi sem \u00feetta \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um, en tek fram a\u00f0 \u00e9g hef ekki grandsko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 alla.<\/p>\n
L\u00edtum a\u00f0eins \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem kalla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 taka \u00e1h\u00e6ttu \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum. Yfirleitt fela \u00f6ll vi\u00f0skipti banka (og annarra) \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00e1h\u00e6ttu. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 umbreyta skilyr\u00f0i laganna eru d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar b\u00fanir a\u00f0 taka s\u00e9r \u00ed hendur vald til a\u00f0 meta \u00e1h\u00e6ttu og leggja hana a\u00f0 j\u00f6fnu vi\u00f0 au\u00f0gunartilgang ef h\u00fan er mikil, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 ekkert bendi til \u00feess a\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a hafi vaka\u00f0 a\u00f0 au\u00f0ga sj\u00e1lfan sig e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra.<\/p>\n
H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur hefur meira a\u00f0 segja hafna\u00f0 r\u00e9tti sakborninga til a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta s\u00e9rfr\u00f3\u00f0a menn meta \u00e1h\u00e6ttu sem \u00ed vi\u00f0komandi vi\u00f0skiptum \u00e1 a\u00f0 hafa falist. \u00cd d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar 8. desember 2014 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 739\/2014 reyndi \u00e1 r\u00e9tt \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0s manns til a\u00f0 afla matsger\u00f0ar s\u00e9rfr\u00f3\u00f0ra manna um \u00e1h\u00e6ttuna \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptunum sem fjalla\u00f0 var um \u00ed m\u00e1linu. H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur synja\u00f0i kr\u00f6fu um \u00feetta me\u00f0 eftirfarandi r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningi:<\/p>\n
Framkv\u00e6md H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00e1 249. gr. almennra hegningarlaga f\u00e6r a\u00f0 m\u00ednum d\u00f3mi ekki sta\u00f0ist. Til a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja skilyr\u00f0inu um au\u00f0gunartilgang hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 (tilgangur) vi\u00f0komandi fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lagj\u00f6rnings hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa f\u00e9 af bankanum og f\u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00c9g hef or\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 hugsanlega megi jafna \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0 au\u00f0gunar\u00e1setning ef sanna\u00f0 \u00feykir \u00ed m\u00e1li a\u00f0 sakborningur hef\u00f0i gert \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann ger\u00f0i, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i haft vissu um a\u00f0 tj\u00f3ni\u00f0 (og au\u00f0gunin) myndi af lei\u00f0a. Hvergi er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed forsendum r\u00e9ttarins r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning sem a\u00f0 \u00feessu l\u00fdtur, enda er \u00ed f\u00e6stum m\u00e1lanna minnsta tilefni til a\u00f0 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 sl\u00edk hafi veri\u00f0 hugl\u00e6g afsta\u00f0a hinna \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u. M\u00e1lin l\u00e1gu yfirleitt \u00feannig fyrir a\u00f0 hinir \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0u h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 bjarga b\u00f6nkunum en ekki hafa af \u00feeim f\u00e9. Vel m\u00e1 vera a\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00feeirra \u00ed \u00feessum efnum hafi veri\u00f0 klaufalegar og a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim hafi falist talsver\u00f0 \u00e1h\u00e6tta. \u00dear \u00e6ttu menn samt a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 meta \u00e1h\u00e6ttuna \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 beita vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eftir\u00e1speki, eins og l\u00edklega hefur veri\u00f0 gert. \u00dea\u00f0 er svo a\u00f0 m\u00ednum d\u00f3mi forkastanlegt a\u00f0 meina sakborningi a\u00f0 koma a\u00f0 s\u00f6nnunarf\u00e6rslu um \u00e1h\u00e6ttuna sem geti talist hafa fylgt vi\u00f0komandi vi\u00f0skiptum.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00ed\u00f0an s\u00e9rstaklega athyglisvert a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feessi \u00e1k\u00e6ruefni og d\u00f3ma um umbo\u00f0ssvik \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed lj\u00f3si a\u00f0 l\u00f6gin um fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lafyrirt\u00e6ki nr. 161\/2002 h\u00f6f\u00f0u a\u00f0 geyma \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um \u201etakmarkanir \u00e1 st\u00f3rum \u00e1h\u00e6ttum\u201c, sj\u00e1 30. gr. laganna sem s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur s\u00e6tt efnisbreytingum. \u00cd XIV. kafla \u00feessara laga var kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um vi\u00f0url\u00f6g vi\u00f0 brotum \u00e1 l\u00f6gunum og g\u00e1tu vi\u00f0url\u00f6gin b\u00e6\u00f0i beinst a\u00f0 fyrirt\u00e6kjunum sj\u00e1lfum (sektir) e\u00f0a einstaklingum, sem hj\u00e1 \u00feeim st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u og m\u00e1tti refsa \u00feeim b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir \u00e1setning og g\u00e1leysi. H\u00e1marksrefsing var 2 \u00e1ra fangelsi, sbr. 112. gr. b. \u00feessara laga. H\u00e9r skal spurt: Hvers vegna var ekki \u00e1k\u00e6rt fyrir brot gegn \u00feessum l\u00f6gum? Hafi fyrirsvarsmenn banka frami\u00f0 brot \u00ed rekstri \u00feeirra, sem f\u00f3lust \u00ed a\u00f0 taka meiri \u00e1h\u00e6ttu en \u00feeim var heimilt, hlutu \u00feau a\u00f0 hafa var\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feessi laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i. Tilvist \u00feeirra er svo a\u00f0 auki \u00ed sj\u00e1lfri s\u00e9r sta\u00f0festing \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1h\u00e6ttutaka gat ekki heimila\u00f0 refsingu samkv\u00e6mt almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum. \u00dear hlaut tilgangur um au\u00f0gun a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a heimild til refsinga.<\/p>\n
Ef \u00e1h\u00e6ttutaka er talin duga til a\u00f0 refsa megi fyrir brot gegn 249. gr. almennra hegningarlaga \u00e6tti a\u00f0 liggja lj\u00f3st fyrir a\u00f0 sl\u00edkt brot hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 teljast fullframi\u00f0, \u00feegar \u00e1h\u00e6tta er tekin me\u00f0 samningi. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 refsa ber \u00feeim sem \u00ed hlut \u00e1, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 reyndin ver\u00f0i s\u00fa me\u00f0 samningi a\u00f0 umbj\u00f3\u00f0andi \u201ebrotamanns\u201c hagnist vegna samningsins, \u00fe.e.a.s. samningurinn hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1h\u00e6ttunnar vir\u00f0i. Broti\u00f0 getur ekki veri\u00f0 undir \u00fev\u00ed komi\u00f0 hvort vel spilast e\u00f0a illa \u00far samningnum sem um r\u00e6\u00f0ir. Handhafi \u00e1k\u00e6ruvalds \u00fearf \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 vera \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0ugri vakt til a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort ger\u00f0ir hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1h\u00e6ttusamir samningar \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu til a\u00f0 geta dregi\u00f0 brotamenn til refsi\u00e1byrg\u00f0ar \u00e1 b\u00e1\u00f0ar hendur fyrir a\u00f0 hafa gert sl\u00edka samninga. \u00deetta s\u00fdnir me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru a\u00f0 s\u00fa t\u00falkun H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00e1 \u00feessu \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i, sem h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0 a\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0uefni, stenst ekki.<\/p>\n
Nefnt skal til s\u00f6gunnar \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed 261. gr. almennra hegningarlaga. \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed XXVII. kafla laganna, sem ber heiti\u00f0 \u201e\u00fdmis brot er var\u00f0a fj\u00e1rr\u00e9ttindi\u201c. \u00dear segir svo:<\/p>\n
\u00deetta \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1r\u00e9ttar \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r a\u00f0 sanna \u00feurfi au\u00f0gunartilgang til a\u00f0 unnt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 refsa fyrir brot gegn 249. gr. Enn fremur \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera lj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 unnt hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e1k\u00e6ra fyrir brot gegn 261. gr., hafi \u00fe\u00f3tt sanna\u00f0 a\u00f0 sakborningar hafi misnota\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna \u00ed b\u00f6nkunum, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 au\u00f0gunartilgangur hafi veri\u00f0 sanna\u00f0ur. \u00deetta var ekki gert. Kannski \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed hafi veri\u00f0 s\u00fa, a\u00f0 brot samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessu \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i fyrndust \u00e1 tveimur \u00e1rum og voru \u00fev\u00ed a.m.k. sum \u00feeirra fyrnd \u00feegar \u00e1k\u00e6rt var \u00ed m\u00e1lunum. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00e1 hugsanlegt a\u00f0 reglur um sakarfyrningu hafi haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heimf\u00e6rslu hinna \u00e6tlu\u00f0u brota til laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00c6tli \u00fea\u00f0 geti veri\u00f0?<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er ekkert minna en fur\u00f0ulegt a\u00f0 vel fram gengnir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar skuli ekki skilja or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201etilgangur\u201c. S\u00e9rstaklega er \u00feetta skr\u00edti\u00f0, \u00fear sem um refsiheimild er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a sem \u00fatheimtir sk\u00fdrar lagaheimildir og t\u00falkun \u00e1 vafa sakborningi \u00ed hag. Tilgangur vi\u00f0skipta felur \u00ed s\u00e9r tilv\u00edsun til \u00feess sem a\u00f0 var stefnt me\u00f0 \u00feeim. Er \u00feetta eitthva\u00f0 fl\u00f3ki\u00f0? Svo vir\u00f0ist r\u00e9tturinn \u00fear a\u00f0 auki hafa horft framhj\u00e1 243. gr., \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 fyrir hafi legi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi banki hafi vi\u00f0 vi\u00f0skiptin or\u00f0i\u00f0 fj\u00e1rhagslega betur settur en \u00e1\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n
Broti\u00f0 \u201eumbo\u00f0ssvik\u201c hefur ekki oft komi\u00f0 til me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00ed d\u00f3mum H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar undanfarna \u00e1ratugi. M\u00e9r fannst undarlegt a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 \u00feetta brot birtast \u00ed \u00e1k\u00e6runum \u00e1 hendur \u201e\u00ferj\u00f3tunum\u201c sem \u00feurfti a\u00f0 refsa eftir hruni\u00f0 til a\u00f0 sefa rei\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar. Og enn\u00fe\u00e1 undarlegra var a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt \u00cdslands fallast \u00e1 \u00feetta \u00ed st\u00f3rum st\u00edl. M\u00e9r er n\u00e6r a\u00f0 halda, a\u00f0 hvergi annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu hafi l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum hugkv\u00e6mst a\u00f0 vi\u00f0hafa svona eftir\u00e1l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, eins og kalla m\u00e1 \u00feessa framkv\u00e6md. A\u00f0eins l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum vi\u00f0 tv\u00e6r opinberar l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0istofnanir og \u00fea\u00f0 b\u00e1\u00f0ar \u00edslenskar[8]!<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera einfalt m\u00e1l fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3la a\u00f0 beita \u00feeim meginvi\u00f0horfum sem l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f okkar og lagaframkv\u00e6md m\u00e6lir fyrir um. \u00deau fela \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 allur vafi um s\u00f6k, l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringar og heimf\u00e6rslu brota skuli metinn sakborningi \u00ed hag. \u00cd \u00feeim m\u00e1lum sem h\u00e9r hafa veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0 a\u00f0 umtalsefni ver\u00f0ur ekki betur s\u00e9\u00f0 en \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3mst\u00f3l \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar hafi gengi\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakt til me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0, ekki bara t\u00falka l\u00f6g sakborningum til b\u00f6lvunar, heldur einnig beinl\u00ednis a\u00f0 breyta merkingu laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 geta komi\u00f0 \u00e1fellisd\u00f3mum fram.<\/p>\n
Og n\u00fa geta menn spurt: Eru ekki komin fram ford\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 ekki \u00feurfi a\u00f0 sanna au\u00f0gunartilgang \u00feegar um umbo\u00f0ssvik r\u00e6\u00f0ir \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir bein lagafyrirm\u00e6li um \u00fea\u00f0? Raunar \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 breyta \u00feyrfti \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed XXVI. kafla almennra hegningarlaga, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti 249. gr. \u00fear sem fjalla\u00f0 er um umbo\u00f0ssvik, ef til stendur a\u00f0 fella undir \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi sem l\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka mikla \u00e1h\u00e6ttu \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum. \u00deeir sem stunda vi\u00f0skipti eiga nefnilega, samkv\u00e6mt kr\u00f6funni um fyrirsj\u00e1anleika refsiheimilda, r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 vita fyrirfram a\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi, sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r verulega \u00e1h\u00e6ttu fyrir \u00feann sem \u00feeir starfa hj\u00e1, geti veri\u00f0 refsiver\u00f0, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 ekki hafi vaka\u00f0 fyrir \u00feeim a\u00f0 au\u00f0ga nokkurn mann \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 umbj\u00f3\u00f0anda \u00feeirra. \u00deessi a\u00f0sta\u00f0a s\u00fdnir kannski betur en nokku\u00f0 anna\u00f0 hversu langs\u00f3tt me\u00f0fer\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar \u00e1 \u00feessu laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hefur veri\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er eiginlega fjarst\u00e6\u00f0ukennt a\u00f0 \u00e6tla s\u00e9r a\u00f0 gera \u00e1h\u00e6ttut\u00f6ku \u00ed vi\u00f0skiptum refsiver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 gert yr\u00f0i me\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum h\u00e6tti \u00ed settum l\u00f6gum. M\u00e9r er n\u00e6r a\u00f0 halda a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn hafi teygt sig svo langt \u00ed erindagj\u00f6r\u00f0um s\u00ednum a\u00f0 hlutlausir og hei\u00f0arlegir d\u00f3marar framt\u00ed\u00f0arinnar muni hverfa fr\u00e1 \u00feessari framkv\u00e6md og beita \u00e1 n\u00fd um \u00feessi brot \u00feeim meginvi\u00f0horfum sem eiga a\u00f0 gilda um t\u00falkun refsi\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a.[9] Vonandi ver\u00f0a \u00feessir d\u00f3mar einsd\u00e6mi fremur en ford\u00e6mi!<\/p>\n
\u00cd forsendum einhverra \u00feessara d\u00f3ma um umbo\u00f0ssvik vir\u00f0ist hafa veri\u00f0 lagt til grundvallar a\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00f6ludegi hlutabr\u00e9fa me\u00f0 samhli\u00f0a l\u00e1nveitingu til kaupanda hafi veri\u00f0 unnt a\u00f0 selja br\u00e9fin \u00f6\u00f0rum kaupanda \u00e1 sama ver\u00f0i \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 veita honum l\u00e1n til kaupanna. \u00deetta var au\u00f0vita\u00f0 aldrei raunin. Bankamennirnir voru einfaldlega a\u00f0 selja br\u00e9fin me\u00f0 l\u00e1nveitingum vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir g\u00e1tu ekki selt \u00feau annars.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 er m\u00e9r hulin r\u00e1\u00f0g\u00e1ta hvers vegna \u00e6\u00f0sti d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar tekur s\u00e9r fyrir hendur a\u00f0 gera \u00f6rlagar\u00edkar breytingar \u00e1 texta refsilaga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed l\u00f6gum \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er vir\u00f0ist, a\u00f0 koma fram refsingum \u00e1 hendur sakborningum sem ekki voru skilyr\u00f0i til a\u00f0 refsa. Lj\u00f3st er hins vegar a\u00f0 almenningur \u00ed landinu haf\u00f0i m\u00e1tt l\u00ed\u00f0a fyrir ska\u00f0a sem langflestir h\u00f6f\u00f0u be\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed efnahagshruninu. \u00c6tli margir hafi ekki me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttu e\u00f0a r\u00f6ngu vilja\u00f0 kenna fyrirsvarsm\u00f6nnum banka um \u00feetta? Var H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur kannski a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 gera almenningi til ge\u00f0s me\u00f0 \u00feessum d\u00f3mum sem einkenndust af ge\u00f0\u00fe\u00f3tta en ekki hlutlausri lagaframkv\u00e6md? Hafi \u00feetta veri\u00f0 raunin vir\u00f0ist vera h\u00e6tta \u00e1 a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn s\u00e9 f\u00fas til a\u00f0 v\u00edkja af vegi agans og dygg\u00f0anna \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu \u00feeirra sem hr\u00f3pa \u00e1 g\u00f6tum \u00fati.<\/p>\n
\u00cd tilefni af \u00feessum d\u00f3mum H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar eru l\u00edklega \u00fer\u00edr kostir uppi:<\/p>\n
1. a\u00f0 gera ekki neitt og sj\u00e1 til hvernig d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6mdin ver\u00f0ur \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni (hin \u00edslenska a\u00f0fer\u00f0!),<\/p>\n
2. a\u00f0 sameina \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 249. gr. og 261. gr. almennra hegningarlaga, \u00feannig a\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi me\u00f0 verkna\u00f0arl\u00fdsingu 249. gr. yr\u00f0i refsiver\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 sanna\u00f0ur v\u00e6ri au\u00f0gunartilgangur e\u00f0a<\/p>\n
3. a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a sk\u00fdrar en n\u00fa er gert \u00e1 um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gunum a\u00f0 ekki ver\u00f0i refsa\u00f0 fyrir umbo\u00f0ssvik samkv\u00e6mt 249. gr., nema au\u00f0gunartilgangur s\u00e9 sanna\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n
Svo sem fram er komi\u00f0 hef \u00e9g \u00ed gegnum t\u00ed\u00f0ina oft gagnr\u00fdnt d\u00f3ma fyrir a\u00f0 hafa sakfellt sakborninga \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfull s\u00f6nnun hafi veri\u00f0 komin fram um s\u00f6k \u00feeirra. \u00de\u00e1 er stundum eins og d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafi vilja\u00f0 ge\u00f0jast almenningi fremur en a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta d\u00f3mana r\u00e1\u00f0ast af aga\u00f0ri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00feeirra r\u00e9ttarreglna sem \u00feeim ber a\u00f0 beita.<\/p>\n
N\u00faor\u00f0i\u00f0 er l\u00edka algengt a\u00f0 almenningur taki afst\u00f6\u00f0u til \u00feess, hvort d\u00f3mar \u00ed refsim\u00e1lum s\u00e9u \u201er\u00e9ttir e\u00f0a rangir\u201c. Margir telja sig \u00feess \u00fe\u00e1 umkomna a\u00f0 telja sakborninga seka \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll hafi s\u00fdkna\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 af \u00e1k\u00e6ru. F\u00e6rri telja sakborninga saklausa ef d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll hefur sakfellt \u00fe\u00e1.<\/p>\n
Af \u00feessu tilefni er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 taka h\u00e9r me\u00f0 g\u00e1tlista sem \u00e9g ger\u00f0ist svo djarfur a\u00f0 senda d\u00f3murum landsins \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2020.[10] Hann hefur a\u00f0 geyma upptalningu \u00e1 \u00feeim atri\u00f0um sem d\u00f3marar \u00feurfa a\u00f0 a\u00f0g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 s\u00e9u allir \u00ed lagi \u00e1\u00f0ur en sakborningur er sakfelldur \u00ed sakam\u00e1li:<\/p>\n
Vi\u00f0 blasir a\u00f0 margir taka mismunandi afst\u00f6\u00f0u til s\u00f6nnunarf\u00e6rslu \u00ed sakam\u00e1lum eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvert sakarefni\u00f0 er. Til d\u00e6mis er vel \u00feekkt \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0horf a\u00f0 gera skuli v\u00e6gari kr\u00f6fur \u00ed kynfer\u00f0isbrotum en \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum brotaflokkum. Stundum eru \u00e6tla\u00f0ir sakborningar beinl\u00ednis sakfelldir \u00ed umfj\u00f6llun \u00e1 svonefndum samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0lum og getur sl\u00edkt oft valdi\u00f0 \u00feeim velfer\u00f0armissi, eins og vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum flest d\u00e6mi um. \u00deetta er varla bo\u00f0legt og kallar \u00ed reynd \u00e1 s\u00e9rstaka umfj\u00f6llun sem \u00e9g \u00e6tla \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 sinna h\u00e9r. \u00deeir sem eru saka\u00f0ir um refsiver\u00f0 brot eiga kr\u00f6fu til \u00feess a\u00f0 vera taldir saklausir \u00fear til sekt \u00feeirra er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 og \u00fe\u00e1 fyrir d\u00f3mi ef \u00fev\u00ed er a\u00f0 skipta.<\/p>\n
H\u00e9r l\u00e6t \u00e9g vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sitja a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 reglurnar \u00ed g\u00e1tlistanum a\u00f0 framan \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 vera tamar \u00f6llum \u00feeim sem fara me\u00f0 d\u00f3msvald. \u00de\u00e6r kunna a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 sekur ma\u00f0ur ver\u00f0i s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur \u00ed d\u00f3msm\u00e1li gegn honum. \u00dea\u00f0 er gjaldi\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 grei\u00f0um fyrir a\u00f0 geta kallast r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki.<\/p>\n
J\u00f3n Steinar Gunnlaugsson, l\u00f6gma\u00f0ur og fyrrverandi pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed l\u00f6gum og d\u00f3mari vi\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt \u00cdslands<\/p>\n
[1] Scalia bau\u00f0 m\u00e9r og konu minni til Washington \u00ed apr\u00edl 2009 og t\u00f3kum vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00fas \u00e1 honum (sj\u00e1 stuttan kafla \u00ed b\u00f3k minni \u201e\u00cd krafti sannf\u00e6ringar\u201c, bls. 64-65). Allt var \u00feetta mj\u00f6g eftirminnilegt. Antonin Scalia er af m\u00f6rgum talinn einn \u00e1hrifamesti l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00ed Vesturheimi \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratugum. Hann f\u00e9ll fr\u00e1 \u00ed febr\u00faarm\u00e1nu\u00f0i 2016. Sj\u00e1 l\u00edka grein eftir mig um Scalia sem birtist \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0m\u00e1lum 4. tbl. 2008 og endurbirt er \u00ed b\u00f3k minni \u201eUmb\u00fa\u00f0alaust\u201c, sem \u00fat kom \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk 2020, sj\u00e1 bls. 474-479.<\/p>\n
[2] \u00deessi kafli er a\u00f0 miklu leyti bygg\u00f0ur \u00e1 erindi sem \u00e9g flutti um \u00feetta efni \u00e1 fundi sem L\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingaf\u00e9lag \u00cdslands h\u00e9lt 12. jan\u00faar 1998. Einnig v\u00edsast h\u00e9r til bls. 48-50 \u00ed b\u00f3k minni \u201e\u00cd krafti sannf\u00e6ringar\u201c, sem \u00fat kom \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2014<\/p>\n
[3] \u00deess m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 geta a\u00f0 Eir\u00edkur T\u00f3masson var \u00ed vi\u00f0tali \u00ed \u00fatvarpi \u00ed ma\u00ed 2021 og l\u00fdsti \u00fe\u00e1 starfsh\u00e1ttum H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar svo a\u00f0 helsta markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 n\u00e1 samkomulagi um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u d\u00f3msm\u00e1lanna. Virtist hann telja \u00fea\u00f0 falla vel a\u00f0 starfsskyldum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins. Kannski hann s\u00e9 kominn aftur til baka \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 d\u00f3mari geti vali\u00f0 \u00far ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um?<\/p>\n
[4] Kom \u00fat \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk 2017.<\/p>\n
[5] R\u00f3bert R. Span\u00f3, sem n\u00fa starfar sem d\u00f3mari vi\u00f0 Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3l Evr\u00f3pu, skrifa\u00f0i tv\u00e6r greinar um stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1na og refsi\u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00ed T\u00edmarit l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga 2004 (1. tbl.) og 2005 (1. tbl.). \u00cd s\u00ed\u00f0ari greininni er fjalla\u00f0 um meginregluna um sk\u00fdrleika refsiheimilda. \u00dear er a\u00f0 finna greinarger\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00e6r meginreglur sem h\u00e9r koma mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu. Meginefni \u00feessara greina birti h\u00f6fundur svo \u00ed b\u00f3k sem \u00fat kom 2012 undir heitinu \u201eStj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in, Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu og meginreglur refsir\u00e9ttar\u201c. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni er \u00e1 bls. 205 og \u00e1fram fjalla\u00f0 um sk\u00fdrleika refsiheimilda.<\/p>\n
[6] \u00cd athugasemdum vi\u00f0 243. gr. \u00ed frumvarpinu a\u00f0 almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum er teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 verkna\u00f0ur geti \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins var\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i kaflans, \u201ea\u00f0 hann hafi veri\u00f0 framinn \u00ed au\u00f0gunarskyni. Er \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1tt vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00e1setningur brotamanns hafi veri\u00f0 s\u00e1, a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum fj\u00e1rvinnings \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt, a\u00f0 annar ma\u00f0ur bi\u00f0i \u00f3l\u00f6glega fj\u00e1rtj\u00f3n a\u00f0 sama skapi.\u201c<\/p>\n
[7] Sem d\u00e6mi um d\u00f3ma H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar um \u00feetta m\u00e1 m.a. nefna d\u00f3ma \u00ed m\u00e1lum nr. 145\/2014 (Al Than\u00ed), 456\/2014 (\u00cdmon), 478\/2014 (BK-44) og 498\/2015 (Holt Investment Group).<\/p>\n
[8] H\u00e9r er vitaskuld \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 emb\u00e6tti s\u00e9rstaks saks\u00f3knara og H\u00e6star\u00e9tt.<\/p>\n
[9] Um ford\u00e6mi og st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein r\u00e9ttarheimilda er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed b\u00f3k minni \u201eUm ford\u00e6mi og valdm\u00f6rk d\u00f3mst\u00f3la\u201c, sem lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk gaf \u00fat \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2003. Me\u00f0al annars m\u00e1 v\u00edsa til 5. kafla b\u00f3karinnar \u00e1 bls. 79-83, en \u00ed ni\u00f0urlagi hans er komist a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 ford\u00e6mi s\u00e9 jafn bindandi og s\u00fa r\u00e9ttarheimild sem ford\u00e6mi\u00f0 er byggt \u00e1. \u00cd \u00feessu felst \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 unnt eigi a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 hnekkja ford\u00e6mi me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringin, sem liggur \u00fev\u00ed til grundvallar, s\u00e9 r\u00f6ng.<\/p>\n
[10] H\u00e9r m\u00e1 t.d. v\u00edsa til greinar minnar \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu 13. okt\u00f3ber 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Forseti lagadeildar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk kom a\u00f0 m\u00e1li vi\u00f0 mig og \u00f3ska\u00f0i eftir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e9g skrifa\u00f0i grein \u00ed rit sem lagadeildin hyggst gefa \u00fat \u00ed tilefni af 20 \u00e1ra afm\u00e6li deildarinnar \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0asta \u00e1ri 2022. \u00c9g gegndi \u00fear st\u00f6rfum sem fyrsti pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 deildina \u00e1rin 2002-2004 en l\u00e9t af \u00feeim st\u00f6rfum \u00feegar \u00e9g var […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-526","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/526","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=526"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/526\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":860,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/526\/revisions\/860"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=526"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=526"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonsteinar.is\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}